long distances. For example, illegal logging e.g. of ebony and rosewood in Madagascar is mainly promoted by the luxury market. As a consequence the pristine
forests in Madagascar are declining in quantity and quality.
Many products or living individuals of species which are threatened with extinction are trafficked as medicine, prestigious objects, pets, or for other purposes.
We did not find adequate country-related indicators describing international
activities directly or indirectly affecting biodiversity abroad. Thus, this aspect has
to be examined for further publications.
Acknowledgements We are thankful to Gerd Grözinger for recommendations and remarks on a
former version of the manuscript.
References
Adeola FO (1998) Cross-national environmentalism differentials: empirical evidence from core and
noncore nations. Soc Nat Resour 11(4):339–364
Anyanwu JC (2014) Factors affecting economic growth in Africa: are there any lessons from China.
Afr Dev Rev 26(3):468–493
Asafu-Adjaye J (2003) Biodiversity loss and economic growth: a cross country analysis. Contemp
Econ Policy 21(2):173–185
Aşıcı AA (2011) Economic growth and its impact on environment: a panel data analysis. MPRA
Paper No. 30238. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30238. Accessed 22/11/2019
Beckerman W (1992) Economic growth and the environment. Whose growth? Whose environment? World Dev 20(4):481–496
Boldeanu FT, Constantinescu L (2015) The main determinants affecting economic growth. Bulletin
of the Transilvania University of Braşov 8(57):329–338
Bollen KA, Pearl J (2013) Eight myths about causality and structural equation models. In: Morgan
SL (ed) Handbooks of sociology and social research. Springer, New York, pp 301–328
Browne MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS
(eds) Testing structural equation models. Sage, Newbury Park, CA
Chan KMA, Balvanera P, Benessaiah K, Chapman M, Díaz S, Gómez-Baggethun E, Gould R,
Hannahs N, Jax K, Klain S, Luck GW, Martín-López B, Muraca B, Norton B, Ott K, Pascual U,
Satterfield T, Tadaki M, Taggart J, Turner N (2016) Why protect nature? Rethinking values and
the environment. PNAS 113(6):1462–1465
CIA (ed) (2018) The CIA world factbook 2018–2019. Skyhorse Publishing
CIA (ed) (2019) The CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook. Assessed 7/2019
CIA (ed) (2020) The CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook. Assessed 3/1/2020
Clausen R, York R (2008) Global biodiversity decline of marine and freshwater fish: a crossnational analysis of economic, demographic, and ecological influences. Social Sci Res
37:1310–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.10.002
Costanza R, DÁrge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill
RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van der Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem
services and natural capital. Nature 387(6630):253–260
Darwin C (1839) Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries
visited by H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. from 1832 to 1836.
Colburn, London, 582p
Economy on Top, Nature on the Brink? A Closer Look on the Relationship Between. . .
215
forests in Madagascar are declining in quantity and quality.
Many products or living individuals of species which are threatened with extinction are trafficked as medicine, prestigious objects, pets, or for other purposes.
We did not find adequate country-related indicators describing international
activities directly or indirectly affecting biodiversity abroad. Thus, this aspect has
to be examined for further publications.
Acknowledgements We are thankful to Gerd Grözinger for recommendations and remarks on a
former version of the manuscript.
References
Adeola FO (1998) Cross-national environmentalism differentials: empirical evidence from core and
noncore nations. Soc Nat Resour 11(4):339–364
Anyanwu JC (2014) Factors affecting economic growth in Africa: are there any lessons from China.
Afr Dev Rev 26(3):468–493
Asafu-Adjaye J (2003) Biodiversity loss and economic growth: a cross country analysis. Contemp
Econ Policy 21(2):173–185
Aşıcı AA (2011) Economic growth and its impact on environment: a panel data analysis. MPRA
Paper No. 30238. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/30238. Accessed 22/11/2019
Beckerman W (1992) Economic growth and the environment. Whose growth? Whose environment? World Dev 20(4):481–496
Boldeanu FT, Constantinescu L (2015) The main determinants affecting economic growth. Bulletin
of the Transilvania University of Braşov 8(57):329–338
Bollen KA, Pearl J (2013) Eight myths about causality and structural equation models. In: Morgan
SL (ed) Handbooks of sociology and social research. Springer, New York, pp 301–328
Browne MW, Cudeck R (1993) Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen KA, Long JS
(eds) Testing structural equation models. Sage, Newbury Park, CA
Chan KMA, Balvanera P, Benessaiah K, Chapman M, Díaz S, Gómez-Baggethun E, Gould R,
Hannahs N, Jax K, Klain S, Luck GW, Martín-López B, Muraca B, Norton B, Ott K, Pascual U,
Satterfield T, Tadaki M, Taggart J, Turner N (2016) Why protect nature? Rethinking values and
the environment. PNAS 113(6):1462–1465
CIA (ed) (2018) The CIA world factbook 2018–2019. Skyhorse Publishing
CIA (ed) (2019) The CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook. Assessed 7/2019
CIA (ed) (2020) The CIA World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook. Assessed 3/1/2020
Clausen R, York R (2008) Global biodiversity decline of marine and freshwater fish: a crossnational analysis of economic, demographic, and ecological influences. Social Sci Res
37:1310–1320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.10.002
Costanza R, DÁrge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill
RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG, Sutton P, van der Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem
services and natural capital. Nature 387(6630):253–260
Darwin C (1839) Journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries
visited by H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Fitzroy, R.N. from 1832 to 1836.
Colburn, London, 582p
Economy on Top, Nature on the Brink? A Closer Look on the Relationship Between. . .
215