modelling environmental change in the future. Furthermore, such an indicator
system might help explain differences in species composition and diversity at all
spatial scales. Spatial heterogeneity and the variability of ecological conditions over
time are important factors for understanding assemblages.
References
Brim OG, Kagan J (eds) (1980) Constancy and change development. Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, MA
de Haan L, Ferreira A (2006) Extreme value theory: an introduction. Springer, Dordrecht
Doak DF, Morris WF, Pfister C, Kendall BE, Bruna EM (2005) Correctly Estimating How
Environmental stochasticity influences fitness and population growth. Am Nat 166(1):E14–E21
Dufour A, Gadallah F, Wagner HH, Guisan A, Buttler A (2006) Plant species richness and
environmental heterogeneity in a mountain landscape: effects of variability and spatial configuration. Ecography 29(4):573–584
Ehrenfeld JG (2010) Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst
41:59–80
Fierer N (2017) Embracing the unknown: disentangling the complexities of the soil microbiome.
Nat Rev Microbiol 15:579–590
Fierer N, Strickland M, Liptzin D, Bradford M, Cleveland C (2009) Global patterns in belowground
communities. Ecol Lett 12:1238–1249
Fowler D, Pilegaard K, Sutton MA, Ambus P, Raivonen M, Duyzer J, Simpson D, Fagerli H,
Fuzzi S, Schjoerring JK, Grinier C, Neftel A, Isaksen ISA, Laj P, Maione M, Monks PS,
Burkhardt J, Daemmgen U, Neirynck J, Personne E, Wichink-Kruit R, Butterbach-Bahl K,
Flechard C, Tuovinen JP, Coyle M, Gerosa G, Loubet B, Altimir N, Gruenhage L, Ammann C,
Cieslik S, Paoletti E, Mikkelsen TN, Ro-Poulsen H, Cellier P, Cape JN, Horvath L, Loreto F,
Niinemets Ü, Palmer PI, Rinne J, Misztal P, Nemitz E, Nilsson D, Pryor S, Gallagher MW,
Vesala T, Skiba U, Brüggemann N, Zechmeister-Boltenstein S, Williams J, O’Dowd C,
Facchini MC, de Leeuw G, Flossmann A, Chaumerliac N, Erismann JW (2009) Atmospheric
composition change: ecosystems-atmospheric interactions. Atmos Environ 43(33):5193–5267
Gagliano M, Renton M, Depczynski M, Mancuso S (2014) Experience teaches plants to learn faster
and forget slower in environments where it matters. Oecologia 175:63
Gubbay S, Sanders N, Haynes T, Janssen JAM, Rodwell JR, Nieto A, Garcia Criado M, Beal S,
Borg J, Kennedy M, Micu D, Otero M, Saunders G, Calix M, Airoldi L, Alexandrov VV,
Alcazar E, de Andalucia J, Babbini L, Bakran-Petricioli T, Ballesteros E, Banares Espana E,
Bariche M, Bastos E, Basso D, Bat L, Battelli C, Bazairi H, Bianchi CN, Bitar G, Bo M,
Brazier P, Bush L, Canese S, Catrense SP, Cefal ME, Cerrano C, Chemello R, Chernysheva EB,
Connor D, Cook R, Dankers N, Darr A, Davis AR, Dolenc-Orbanić N, Dubois S, Espino F,
Flores Moya A, Ford J, Foulquie M, Fowler S, Fourt M, Fraschetti S, Fuller I, Fürhaupter K,
Table 2 (continued)
Factors (threats)
Effect/risk for biodiversity
No/low
Intermediate
Strong/high
Volcanism/landslides
No volcanic activity, no landslides
Low or intermediate risk of
volcanic eruption or
landslides
High risk of destructive
eruption or landslides
Change: Risks and Predictability
191
system might help explain differences in species composition and diversity at all
spatial scales. Spatial heterogeneity and the variability of ecological conditions over
time are important factors for understanding assemblages.
References
Brim OG, Kagan J (eds) (1980) Constancy and change development. Harvard University Press,
Cambridge, MA
de Haan L, Ferreira A (2006) Extreme value theory: an introduction. Springer, Dordrecht
Doak DF, Morris WF, Pfister C, Kendall BE, Bruna EM (2005) Correctly Estimating How
Environmental stochasticity influences fitness and population growth. Am Nat 166(1):E14–E21
Dufour A, Gadallah F, Wagner HH, Guisan A, Buttler A (2006) Plant species richness and
environmental heterogeneity in a mountain landscape: effects of variability and spatial configuration. Ecography 29(4):573–584
Ehrenfeld JG (2010) Ecosystem consequences of biological invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst
41:59–80
Fierer N (2017) Embracing the unknown: disentangling the complexities of the soil microbiome.
Nat Rev Microbiol 15:579–590
Fierer N, Strickland M, Liptzin D, Bradford M, Cleveland C (2009) Global patterns in belowground
communities. Ecol Lett 12:1238–1249
Fowler D, Pilegaard K, Sutton MA, Ambus P, Raivonen M, Duyzer J, Simpson D, Fagerli H,
Fuzzi S, Schjoerring JK, Grinier C, Neftel A, Isaksen ISA, Laj P, Maione M, Monks PS,
Burkhardt J, Daemmgen U, Neirynck J, Personne E, Wichink-Kruit R, Butterbach-Bahl K,
Flechard C, Tuovinen JP, Coyle M, Gerosa G, Loubet B, Altimir N, Gruenhage L, Ammann C,
Cieslik S, Paoletti E, Mikkelsen TN, Ro-Poulsen H, Cellier P, Cape JN, Horvath L, Loreto F,
Niinemets Ü, Palmer PI, Rinne J, Misztal P, Nemitz E, Nilsson D, Pryor S, Gallagher MW,
Vesala T, Skiba U, Brüggemann N, Zechmeister-Boltenstein S, Williams J, O’Dowd C,
Facchini MC, de Leeuw G, Flossmann A, Chaumerliac N, Erismann JW (2009) Atmospheric
composition change: ecosystems-atmospheric interactions. Atmos Environ 43(33):5193–5267
Gagliano M, Renton M, Depczynski M, Mancuso S (2014) Experience teaches plants to learn faster
and forget slower in environments where it matters. Oecologia 175:63
Gubbay S, Sanders N, Haynes T, Janssen JAM, Rodwell JR, Nieto A, Garcia Criado M, Beal S,
Borg J, Kennedy M, Micu D, Otero M, Saunders G, Calix M, Airoldi L, Alexandrov VV,
Alcazar E, de Andalucia J, Babbini L, Bakran-Petricioli T, Ballesteros E, Banares Espana E,
Bariche M, Bastos E, Basso D, Bat L, Battelli C, Bazairi H, Bianchi CN, Bitar G, Bo M,
Brazier P, Bush L, Canese S, Catrense SP, Cefal ME, Cerrano C, Chemello R, Chernysheva EB,
Connor D, Cook R, Dankers N, Darr A, Davis AR, Dolenc-Orbanić N, Dubois S, Espino F,
Flores Moya A, Ford J, Foulquie M, Fowler S, Fourt M, Fraschetti S, Fuller I, Fürhaupter K,
Table 2 (continued)
Factors (threats)
Effect/risk for biodiversity
No/low
Intermediate
Strong/high
Volcanism/landslides
No volcanic activity, no landslides
Low or intermediate risk of
volcanic eruption or
landslides
High risk of destructive
eruption or landslides
Change: Risks and Predictability
191