The no species loss strategy, the Biodiversity Hotspot strategy and ecological
triage are concepts that each integrate more than a single strategy or measure.
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and Biodiversity Offset Programmes
(BOPs) are recent schemes linking development programmes with payments for
the restoration of environmental conditions and biodiversity. With respect to the
number of annual publications and the amount of money invested, these measures
seem to be of increasing interest. However, the programmes are often used/misused
to enable and to support the development of buildings, infrastructure and industry.
Thus, the value of such investments for the environment and biodiversity is rather
ambiguous at the moment.
National Parks and other types of protected areas, zero human influence strategies and wilderness, restoration measures, eradication of invasive species, activities against hunting and trade of rare and threatened species, captive breeding and
release into the wilderness and de-extinction comprise multiple specific measures
and treatments which are currently being developed and used to protect the biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
Recent trends suggest that the amount of money invested for restoration measures, activities of zoos and botanical gardens, captive breeding, release of threatened species in the wild, and special nature conservation programmes related to
certain threatened species will increase in the future.
However, at the moment it is questionable if other tendencies such as the increase
in the illegal trade of species and natural products can be limited by stronger
regulation and enforcement, or if other measures might be more effective.
Keywords Red list · No species loss · Biodiversity hotspot · Ecological triage ·
Offset and net gain strategy · Zero human influence · Habitat restoration · Eradication
of invasive species · Illegal hunting and trafficking · Captive breeding · De-extinction
1 Introduction
Humans have always observed and interpreted their environment for nutrition,
health, and survival. At all times, resource use in the landscape has been both
dangerous and attractive. Thus, it is unlikely that there has been a historical period
when humans have lived in harmony with their surroundings. The relationship
between indication of environmental conditions, sensitivity and reaction in humans,
animals and plants, i.e. adaptation, migration, learning, and so on, in general mirrors
the interplay of positive, neutral and negative effects from the outside and inside of
organisms and communities (Burt 1892; Basti 2012).
Environmental indicators are numbers, values, items, signals, results of measurements, or symbols that translate environmental data into a message. State indicators
focus on the state of the environment. Trend indicators focus on timelines and
change.
160
C. Hobohm
triage are concepts that each integrate more than a single strategy or measure.
Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and Biodiversity Offset Programmes
(BOPs) are recent schemes linking development programmes with payments for
the restoration of environmental conditions and biodiversity. With respect to the
number of annual publications and the amount of money invested, these measures
seem to be of increasing interest. However, the programmes are often used/misused
to enable and to support the development of buildings, infrastructure and industry.
Thus, the value of such investments for the environment and biodiversity is rather
ambiguous at the moment.
National Parks and other types of protected areas, zero human influence strategies and wilderness, restoration measures, eradication of invasive species, activities against hunting and trade of rare and threatened species, captive breeding and
release into the wilderness and de-extinction comprise multiple specific measures
and treatments which are currently being developed and used to protect the biodiversity and ecosystem functions.
Recent trends suggest that the amount of money invested for restoration measures, activities of zoos and botanical gardens, captive breeding, release of threatened species in the wild, and special nature conservation programmes related to
certain threatened species will increase in the future.
However, at the moment it is questionable if other tendencies such as the increase
in the illegal trade of species and natural products can be limited by stronger
regulation and enforcement, or if other measures might be more effective.
Keywords Red list · No species loss · Biodiversity hotspot · Ecological triage ·
Offset and net gain strategy · Zero human influence · Habitat restoration · Eradication
of invasive species · Illegal hunting and trafficking · Captive breeding · De-extinction
1 Introduction
Humans have always observed and interpreted their environment for nutrition,
health, and survival. At all times, resource use in the landscape has been both
dangerous and attractive. Thus, it is unlikely that there has been a historical period
when humans have lived in harmony with their surroundings. The relationship
between indication of environmental conditions, sensitivity and reaction in humans,
animals and plants, i.e. adaptation, migration, learning, and so on, in general mirrors
the interplay of positive, neutral and negative effects from the outside and inside of
organisms and communities (Burt 1892; Basti 2012).
Environmental indicators are numbers, values, items, signals, results of measurements, or symbols that translate environmental data into a message. State indicators
focus on the state of the environment. Trend indicators focus on timelines and
change.
160
C. Hobohm