290
G. Dharmalingam et al.
Fig. 4 Density analysis of
hot-pressed alloys A, B
density after hot pressing. The higher sintering pressure (60 MPa) and temperature (1180°C) has enhanced the density with irrespective of its composition. For the
duration of vacuum hot pressing, a higher driving force activates the enhancement in
density of the alloys this effect due to the viscous flow of higher material transport
mechanisms and a combination of plastic flow. Similar kind of effects was observed
by Munir et al. Alloy A (aluminium-free) Yttrium–Zirconium–Titanium oxides have
higher binding energy in an iron matrix and being of Yttrium–Zirconium–Titanium
oxides easier to precipitate and more stable than the aluminium-containing of alloy B.
The structure of fine grains zirconium–Yttrium–Titanium nano-oxides, which have
oxide configuration energies lower, than aluminium-contained alloy B (Yttrium–
Zirconium–aluminium oxide particles) due to higher density, were observed for alloy
A (7.60 g/cc). Whereas aluminium-containing alloy B the coarse grains (Yttrium–
Zirconium -Aluminium nano-oxides) were observed due to the lower density of an
alloy B (7.34 g/cc) were obtained.
3.3 TEM-EDS Analysis of Hot-Pressed Alloys
To study the microstructure and uniform distribution of oxide particles were used
transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis for consolidated through vacuum
hot pressing of alloy A, alloy B. The TEM analysis as shown in Fig. 5a of alloy A
reveal that sphere-shaped particles which are Y–Zr–Ti–O complex oxides confirmed
through EDS analysis shown in Fig. 5c, uniformly dispersed in the alloy matrix with
dispersal in the range of 8 to 10 nm. From Fig. 5a, there are few oxides particles Y 2 O 3
and ZrO 2 also revealed that uniformly distributed in the alloy matrix, average oxides
particle size was observed 18–20 nm. Chemical compositions of alloys qualitative
analysis were taken at different locations using EDS analysis. With the inclusion
G. Dharmalingam et al.
Fig. 4 Density analysis of
hot-pressed alloys A, B
density after hot pressing. The higher sintering pressure (60 MPa) and temperature (1180°C) has enhanced the density with irrespective of its composition. For the
duration of vacuum hot pressing, a higher driving force activates the enhancement in
density of the alloys this effect due to the viscous flow of higher material transport
mechanisms and a combination of plastic flow. Similar kind of effects was observed
by Munir et al. Alloy A (aluminium-free) Yttrium–Zirconium–Titanium oxides have
higher binding energy in an iron matrix and being of Yttrium–Zirconium–Titanium
oxides easier to precipitate and more stable than the aluminium-containing of alloy B.
The structure of fine grains zirconium–Yttrium–Titanium nano-oxides, which have
oxide configuration energies lower, than aluminium-contained alloy B (Yttrium–
Zirconium–aluminium oxide particles) due to higher density, were observed for alloy
A (7.60 g/cc). Whereas aluminium-containing alloy B the coarse grains (Yttrium–
Zirconium -Aluminium nano-oxides) were observed due to the lower density of an
alloy B (7.34 g/cc) were obtained.
3.3 TEM-EDS Analysis of Hot-Pressed Alloys
To study the microstructure and uniform distribution of oxide particles were used
transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis for consolidated through vacuum
hot pressing of alloy A, alloy B. The TEM analysis as shown in Fig. 5a of alloy A
reveal that sphere-shaped particles which are Y–Zr–Ti–O complex oxides confirmed
through EDS analysis shown in Fig. 5c, uniformly dispersed in the alloy matrix with
dispersal in the range of 8 to 10 nm. From Fig. 5a, there are few oxides particles Y 2 O 3
and ZrO 2 also revealed that uniformly distributed in the alloy matrix, average oxides
particle size was observed 18–20 nm. Chemical compositions of alloys qualitative
analysis were taken at different locations using EDS analysis. With the inclusion