Synthesis and Characterization of 17 Cr …
289
Fig. 3 XRD analysis of
milled powder alloy B
and solvent atom in a matrix influence the lattice. The physical properties of the solute
(Cr and Ti) and solvent (Fe) of this system were shown in Fig. 2. From the XRD
pattern at different stages (0 h, 5 h, 10 h, 15 h, 20 h) the alloy formation during MA
can be determined by fading of solute peaks and a peak shift in both solvent and
solute peaks towards the alloy.
During the MA process, the particles have subjected to different stages in cold
welding, fracture, and structure of a single-phase solid solution. On the other hand, the
inclusion of titanium, zirconium, tungsten, aluminium and Yttrium peaks were not
experiential in the XRD pattern due to lesser contented. During mechanical alloying
of alloy A, alloy B have similar trends of phase transformation and structures, which
is evident from the XRD patterns of alloys A, B (Figs. 2 and 3). Crystallite size of
the milled powders (20 h) was calculated by means of Debye’s Scherrer method and
it was found that 3.6 nm, 6 nm for alloy A, and B, respectively. Lower reduction
of crystallite size was due to the inclusion of aluminium in ferritic stainless steel in
the alloy B. All solute atoms in the present study are reduced to a single-phase solid
solution because of Gibbs–Thompson result (Karak et al. 2013).
3.2 Density Analysis on Vacuum Hot-Pressed Alloys
From the densification studies as shown in Fig. 4, it is observed that aluminiumcontaining ferritic ODS steels (alloy B) have lesser sintered density than the
aluminium-free ferritic ODS steel (alloy A) irrespective of compositions. During
hot pressing, the formation of grains coarsened the structure of complex oxides (Y–
Zr–Ti–Al–O) in the alloy B has made volume expansion, which slightly reduced the
hot-pressed density. But the aluminium-free alloy A has very fine grains structure
complex oxides(Y–Ti–Zr–O) of Y 2 O 3 , Ti and ZrO 2 which led to higher hot-pressed
density than the aluminium-containing ferritic ODS steels. A similar trend was
observed by Andrea Garcia et al. (2015) for the 14 Cr ferritic steel with and without the
addition of aluminium. Influence of hot pressure also additional effect on improving
289
Fig. 3 XRD analysis of
milled powder alloy B
and solvent atom in a matrix influence the lattice. The physical properties of the solute
(Cr and Ti) and solvent (Fe) of this system were shown in Fig. 2. From the XRD
pattern at different stages (0 h, 5 h, 10 h, 15 h, 20 h) the alloy formation during MA
can be determined by fading of solute peaks and a peak shift in both solvent and
solute peaks towards the alloy.
During the MA process, the particles have subjected to different stages in cold
welding, fracture, and structure of a single-phase solid solution. On the other hand, the
inclusion of titanium, zirconium, tungsten, aluminium and Yttrium peaks were not
experiential in the XRD pattern due to lesser contented. During mechanical alloying
of alloy A, alloy B have similar trends of phase transformation and structures, which
is evident from the XRD patterns of alloys A, B (Figs. 2 and 3). Crystallite size of
the milled powders (20 h) was calculated by means of Debye’s Scherrer method and
it was found that 3.6 nm, 6 nm for alloy A, and B, respectively. Lower reduction
of crystallite size was due to the inclusion of aluminium in ferritic stainless steel in
the alloy B. All solute atoms in the present study are reduced to a single-phase solid
solution because of Gibbs–Thompson result (Karak et al. 2013).
3.2 Density Analysis on Vacuum Hot-Pressed Alloys
From the densification studies as shown in Fig. 4, it is observed that aluminiumcontaining ferritic ODS steels (alloy B) have lesser sintered density than the
aluminium-free ferritic ODS steel (alloy A) irrespective of compositions. During
hot pressing, the formation of grains coarsened the structure of complex oxides (Y–
Zr–Ti–Al–O) in the alloy B has made volume expansion, which slightly reduced the
hot-pressed density. But the aluminium-free alloy A has very fine grains structure
complex oxides(Y–Ti–Zr–O) of Y 2 O 3 , Ti and ZrO 2 which led to higher hot-pressed
density than the aluminium-containing ferritic ODS steels. A similar trend was
observed by Andrea Garcia et al. (2015) for the 14 Cr ferritic steel with and without the
addition of aluminium. Influence of hot pressure also additional effect on improving