A State-of-the-Art Review on 3D Printed …
281
Fig. 6 Human Gait Cycle—Stance and Swing Phase (Source Foot and ankle surgery. 12)
2 Purpose of Using Insoles
As per the global assessment of adult people, flat foot is 3–25% [18]. Using foot
orthosis, 14–35% of strain gets reduced [19]. Foot Health Status Questionnaire
(FHSQ), Foot Function Index (FFI), Quality of Life (SF36) states the life of a person
with flat foot [20]. Insoles can be preferred due to any of these reasons like over
standing, running, pronation, supination, plantar fasciitis, arch pain, motion neuroma,
hallux rigidus, hallux limitus, morton’s toe, diabetes, arthritis, heel spurs, heel pain,
shin splints, metatarsalgia, ball of foot pain, children, obesity, athletic and sports
[17]. To reduce the archilis tendon, insoles are designed with rocker curve, for flat
foot which reduces the dorsiflexion angles [21].
3 3D Printed Insoles
In 3D printed insole volume, weight, internal structures, density at selected regions
can be defined [18]. Structures like Kelvin cell, honeycomb, octahedral porous,
orthogonal cubic structures are more preferred for infill [22]. 3D printed insoles
can be improved by varying the size of studs [23]. Possess high portability, low cost
and high degree of customization [13]. Zone control in 3D design is preferred to
increase cushioning capacity [18]. Contact stress can be reduced by proper design
of insole [17]. Contact area is increased with a range of 60–70 cm
2 compared to
flat insole [24]. 3D printed insoles along with shoes have an advantage in defining
the continuity of the materials [26]. Being an important part of personal protective
281
Fig. 6 Human Gait Cycle—Stance and Swing Phase (Source Foot and ankle surgery. 12)
2 Purpose of Using Insoles
As per the global assessment of adult people, flat foot is 3–25% [18]. Using foot
orthosis, 14–35% of strain gets reduced [19]. Foot Health Status Questionnaire
(FHSQ), Foot Function Index (FFI), Quality of Life (SF36) states the life of a person
with flat foot [20]. Insoles can be preferred due to any of these reasons like over
standing, running, pronation, supination, plantar fasciitis, arch pain, motion neuroma,
hallux rigidus, hallux limitus, morton’s toe, diabetes, arthritis, heel spurs, heel pain,
shin splints, metatarsalgia, ball of foot pain, children, obesity, athletic and sports
[17]. To reduce the archilis tendon, insoles are designed with rocker curve, for flat
foot which reduces the dorsiflexion angles [21].
3 3D Printed Insoles
In 3D printed insole volume, weight, internal structures, density at selected regions
can be defined [18]. Structures like Kelvin cell, honeycomb, octahedral porous,
orthogonal cubic structures are more preferred for infill [22]. 3D printed insoles
can be improved by varying the size of studs [23]. Possess high portability, low cost
and high degree of customization [13]. Zone control in 3D design is preferred to
increase cushioning capacity [18]. Contact stress can be reduced by proper design
of insole [17]. Contact area is increased with a range of 60–70 cm
2 compared to
flat insole [24]. 3D printed insoles along with shoes have an advantage in defining
the continuity of the materials [26]. Being an important part of personal protective