268
Q. Alkhalaf et al.
2 PDMS Applied in Additive Manufacturing
The selection of material for AM is mostly dependent on the application. There is a
large number of materials available for making a part. However, a limited number of
materials support the AM. The choice of material is based on several considerations.
The necessary points to be evaluated while selecting the material are functional
requirements, mechanical properties, geometric criticalities, aesthetical and cost [12].
Over the last four decades, AM has significant applications in almost all fields. It
includes engineering aerospace, automotive parts, a medical field such as prosthesis,
tissue engineering and art, architectural [13].
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a very versatile material that can be used in
medical applications like to make prosthetics [14]. PDMS also serves as a promising
material to create artificial human body parts like the brain and the heart since PDMS
being biocompatible and non-toxic [4, 5]. PDMS is a thermosetting elastomer that
finds application in electrical insulations [15]. Nowadays, a lot of research work is
being carried out to use PDMS as additive manufacturing material in FDM and SLA
processes owing to its versatile applications. In the pharmaceutical field, tablets or
medicines are manufactured by embedding PDMS with the drugs [16]. The costeffective material has prepared using [17].
The PDMS was also used to print in 3-D with digital light and phenyl phosphinate (TPO-L) as a photoinitiator. The parts manufactured using this process showed
increased Young’s modulus up to 1.44 MPa with lower permeability 15% as compared
with a part manufactured with conventional processes [18]. Another way to is The
Freeform Reversible Embedding (FRE) is also one of the effective methods to print
parts using PDMS. As PDMS has less yield stress, the FRE printing is carried out with
the help of support material and carbopol gel. The FRE complex objects can be made
usually by adding PDMS with an agent for 72 h [19]. The Hydrostatic 3D printing
(H3P) with low one-photon polymerization (LOPP) is applied for printing soft silicone polymer in support material [20]. Besides, LOPP is also used to print PDMS with
2H2M (2-Hydroxy-2-Methylpropiophenone) as a photoinitiator [21]. The PDMS is
printed in SLA process with two types viz, PDMS-S (Methacryloxypropyl of group
link by side-chains along the PDMS-chain) and PDMS-E (Methacryloxypropyl in
the end terminal groups). In this process, with TPO-L photoinitiator it shows an
effect on Young’s module results in elongation and breaks. It is found that the elongation at a breakpoint for PDMS(E-S) is between 143 and 150%, and it is better than
Sylgard 184 [22]. PDMS-DMAA printed with Irgacure 819, which lowers breakdown elongation to 51% and the maximum stress to σ max = 0.58 ∓ 0.09MPa [23].
The Embedded 3D printing with two types of PDMS Sylgard-184 and SE-1700 with
particles of the silica and Curing agent. It is also observed that, the silica gives the
thixotropic behaviour, and the elastic module G
maximum value is observed to be around
515.3 Pa and maximum shear stress is 127.3 Pa [24]. The soft silicone can be printed
in fused deposition moulding using print with poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA). The quality
of printing is affected by the adhesion between the silicon and PVA and angle overhanging [25]. The human body parts like, hand and nose, blood vessels, were printed
Q. Alkhalaf et al.
2 PDMS Applied in Additive Manufacturing
The selection of material for AM is mostly dependent on the application. There is a
large number of materials available for making a part. However, a limited number of
materials support the AM. The choice of material is based on several considerations.
The necessary points to be evaluated while selecting the material are functional
requirements, mechanical properties, geometric criticalities, aesthetical and cost [12].
Over the last four decades, AM has significant applications in almost all fields. It
includes engineering aerospace, automotive parts, a medical field such as prosthesis,
tissue engineering and art, architectural [13].
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a very versatile material that can be used in
medical applications like to make prosthetics [14]. PDMS also serves as a promising
material to create artificial human body parts like the brain and the heart since PDMS
being biocompatible and non-toxic [4, 5]. PDMS is a thermosetting elastomer that
finds application in electrical insulations [15]. Nowadays, a lot of research work is
being carried out to use PDMS as additive manufacturing material in FDM and SLA
processes owing to its versatile applications. In the pharmaceutical field, tablets or
medicines are manufactured by embedding PDMS with the drugs [16]. The costeffective material has prepared using [17].
The PDMS was also used to print in 3-D with digital light and phenyl phosphinate (TPO-L) as a photoinitiator. The parts manufactured using this process showed
increased Young’s modulus up to 1.44 MPa with lower permeability 15% as compared
with a part manufactured with conventional processes [18]. Another way to is The
Freeform Reversible Embedding (FRE) is also one of the effective methods to print
parts using PDMS. As PDMS has less yield stress, the FRE printing is carried out with
the help of support material and carbopol gel. The FRE complex objects can be made
usually by adding PDMS with an agent for 72 h [19]. The Hydrostatic 3D printing
(H3P) with low one-photon polymerization (LOPP) is applied for printing soft silicone polymer in support material [20]. Besides, LOPP is also used to print PDMS with
2H2M (2-Hydroxy-2-Methylpropiophenone) as a photoinitiator [21]. The PDMS is
printed in SLA process with two types viz, PDMS-S (Methacryloxypropyl of group
link by side-chains along the PDMS-chain) and PDMS-E (Methacryloxypropyl in
the end terminal groups). In this process, with TPO-L photoinitiator it shows an
effect on Young’s module results in elongation and breaks. It is found that the elongation at a breakpoint for PDMS(E-S) is between 143 and 150%, and it is better than
Sylgard 184 [22]. PDMS-DMAA printed with Irgacure 819, which lowers breakdown elongation to 51% and the maximum stress to σ max = 0.58 ∓ 0.09MPa [23].
The Embedded 3D printing with two types of PDMS Sylgard-184 and SE-1700 with
particles of the silica and Curing agent. It is also observed that, the silica gives the
thixotropic behaviour, and the elastic module G
maximum value is observed to be around
515.3 Pa and maximum shear stress is 127.3 Pa [24]. The soft silicone can be printed
in fused deposition moulding using print with poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA). The quality
of printing is affected by the adhesion between the silicon and PVA and angle overhanging [25]. The human body parts like, hand and nose, blood vessels, were printed