22 Cooperative Molecular Alignment Process Enabled by Scanning …
385
19. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Varga M, Konya A, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Selinger RLB, Broer
DJ (2017) Making waves in a photoactive polymer film. Nature 546:632–636
20. Todorov T, Nikolova L, Tomova N (1984) Polarization holography. 1: A new high-efficiency
organic material with reversible photoinduced birefringence. Appl Opt 23:4309–4312
21. Ichimura K, Suzuki Y, Seki T, Hosoki A, Aoki K (1988) Reversible change in alignment mode
of nematic liquid crystals regulated photochemically by command surfaces modified with an
azobenzene monolayer. Langmuir 4:1214–1216
22. Gibbons WM, Shannon PJ, Sun S-T, Swetlin BJ (1991) Surface-mediated alignment of nematic
liquid crystals with polarized laser light. Nature 351:49–50
23. Schadt M, Schmitt K, Kozinkov V, Chigrinov V (1992) Surface-induced parallel alignment of
liquid crystals by linearly polymerized photopolymers. Jpn J Appl Phys 31:2155–2164
24. Schadt M, Seiberle H, Schuster A, Kelly SM (1995) Photo-induced alignment and patterning
of hybrid liquid crystalline polymer films on single substrates. Jpn J Appl Phys 34:L764–L767
25. Medvedev AV, Barmatov EB, Medvedev AS, Shibaev VP, Ivanov SA, Kozlovsky M, Stumpe
J (2005) Phase behavior and photooptical properties of liquid crystalline functionalized
copolymers with low-molecular-mass dopants stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Macromolecules
38:2223–2229
26. Nishikawa M, Taheri B, West JL (1998) Mechanism of unidirectional liquid-crystal alignment
on polyimides with linearly polarized ultraviolet light exposure. Appl Phys Lett 72:2403–2405
27. Kumagai K, Sakamoto K, Usami K, Arafune R, Nakabayashi Y, Ushioda S (1999) Molecular
orientation of liquid crystal monolayers on polyimide films exposed to linearly polarized UV
light. Jpn J Appl Phys 38:3615–3618
28. Kawatsuki N, Washio T, Kozuki J, Kondo M, Sasaki T, Ono H (2015) Photoinduced orientation
of photoresponsive copolymers with N-benzylideneaniline and nonphotoreactive mesogenic
side groups. Polymer 56:318–326
29. Seki T (2014) New strategies and implications for the photoalignment of liquid crystalline
polymers. Polym J 46:751–768
30. Wu Y, Demachi Y, Tsutsumi O, Kanazawa A, Shiono T, Ikeda T (1998) Photoinduced alignment
of polymer liquid crystals containing azobenzene moieties in the side chain. 2. Effect of spacer
length of the azobenzene unit on alignment behavior. Macromolecules 31:1104–1108
31. Schadt M, Seiberle H, Schuster A (1996) Optical patterning of multi-domain liquid-crystal
displays with wide viewing angles. Nature 381:212–215
32. Fukuhara K, Nagano S, Hara M, Seki T (2014) Free-surface molecular command systems for
photoalignment of liquid crystalline materials. Nat Commun 5:3320
33. Ware TH, McConney ME, Wie JJ, Tondiglia VP, White TJ (2015) Voxelated liquid crystal
elastomers. Science 347:982–984
34. Hisano K, Kurata Y, Aizawa M, Ishizu M, Sasaki T, Shishido A (2016) Alignment layer-free
molecular ordering induced by masked photopolymerization with non-polarized light. Appl
Phys Express 9:072601
35. Krongauz VV, Schmelzer ER, Yohannan RM (1991) Kinetics of anisotropic photopolymerization in polymer matrix. Polymer 32:1654–1662
36. Broer DJ, Lub J, Mol GN (1995) Wide-band reflective polarizers from cholesteric polymer
networks with a pitch gradient. Nature 378:467–469
37. Hikmet RAM, Kemperman H (1998) Electrically switchable mirrors and optical components
made from liquid-crystal gels. Nature 392:476–479
38. Sutherland RL, Tondiglia VP, Natarajan LV, Bunning TJ (2004) Phenomenological model of
anisotropic volume hologram formation in liquid-crystal-photopolymer mixtures. J Appl Phys
96:951–965
39. Leewis CM, de Jong AM, van IJzendoorn LJ, Broer DJ (2004) Reaction–diffusion model
for the preparation of polymer gratings by patterned ultraviolet illumination. J Appl Phys
95:4125–4139
40. Demus D, Goodby JW, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (1998) Handbook of liquid crystals.
Wiley-VCH
385
19. Gelebart AH, Mulder DJ, Varga M, Konya A, Vantomme G, Meijer EW, Selinger RLB, Broer
DJ (2017) Making waves in a photoactive polymer film. Nature 546:632–636
20. Todorov T, Nikolova L, Tomova N (1984) Polarization holography. 1: A new high-efficiency
organic material with reversible photoinduced birefringence. Appl Opt 23:4309–4312
21. Ichimura K, Suzuki Y, Seki T, Hosoki A, Aoki K (1988) Reversible change in alignment mode
of nematic liquid crystals regulated photochemically by command surfaces modified with an
azobenzene monolayer. Langmuir 4:1214–1216
22. Gibbons WM, Shannon PJ, Sun S-T, Swetlin BJ (1991) Surface-mediated alignment of nematic
liquid crystals with polarized laser light. Nature 351:49–50
23. Schadt M, Schmitt K, Kozinkov V, Chigrinov V (1992) Surface-induced parallel alignment of
liquid crystals by linearly polymerized photopolymers. Jpn J Appl Phys 31:2155–2164
24. Schadt M, Seiberle H, Schuster A, Kelly SM (1995) Photo-induced alignment and patterning
of hybrid liquid crystalline polymer films on single substrates. Jpn J Appl Phys 34:L764–L767
25. Medvedev AV, Barmatov EB, Medvedev AS, Shibaev VP, Ivanov SA, Kozlovsky M, Stumpe
J (2005) Phase behavior and photooptical properties of liquid crystalline functionalized
copolymers with low-molecular-mass dopants stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Macromolecules
38:2223–2229
26. Nishikawa M, Taheri B, West JL (1998) Mechanism of unidirectional liquid-crystal alignment
on polyimides with linearly polarized ultraviolet light exposure. Appl Phys Lett 72:2403–2405
27. Kumagai K, Sakamoto K, Usami K, Arafune R, Nakabayashi Y, Ushioda S (1999) Molecular
orientation of liquid crystal monolayers on polyimide films exposed to linearly polarized UV
light. Jpn J Appl Phys 38:3615–3618
28. Kawatsuki N, Washio T, Kozuki J, Kondo M, Sasaki T, Ono H (2015) Photoinduced orientation
of photoresponsive copolymers with N-benzylideneaniline and nonphotoreactive mesogenic
side groups. Polymer 56:318–326
29. Seki T (2014) New strategies and implications for the photoalignment of liquid crystalline
polymers. Polym J 46:751–768
30. Wu Y, Demachi Y, Tsutsumi O, Kanazawa A, Shiono T, Ikeda T (1998) Photoinduced alignment
of polymer liquid crystals containing azobenzene moieties in the side chain. 2. Effect of spacer
length of the azobenzene unit on alignment behavior. Macromolecules 31:1104–1108
31. Schadt M, Seiberle H, Schuster A (1996) Optical patterning of multi-domain liquid-crystal
displays with wide viewing angles. Nature 381:212–215
32. Fukuhara K, Nagano S, Hara M, Seki T (2014) Free-surface molecular command systems for
photoalignment of liquid crystalline materials. Nat Commun 5:3320
33. Ware TH, McConney ME, Wie JJ, Tondiglia VP, White TJ (2015) Voxelated liquid crystal
elastomers. Science 347:982–984
34. Hisano K, Kurata Y, Aizawa M, Ishizu M, Sasaki T, Shishido A (2016) Alignment layer-free
molecular ordering induced by masked photopolymerization with non-polarized light. Appl
Phys Express 9:072601
35. Krongauz VV, Schmelzer ER, Yohannan RM (1991) Kinetics of anisotropic photopolymerization in polymer matrix. Polymer 32:1654–1662
36. Broer DJ, Lub J, Mol GN (1995) Wide-band reflective polarizers from cholesteric polymer
networks with a pitch gradient. Nature 378:467–469
37. Hikmet RAM, Kemperman H (1998) Electrically switchable mirrors and optical components
made from liquid-crystal gels. Nature 392:476–479
38. Sutherland RL, Tondiglia VP, Natarajan LV, Bunning TJ (2004) Phenomenological model of
anisotropic volume hologram formation in liquid-crystal-photopolymer mixtures. J Appl Phys
96:951–965
39. Leewis CM, de Jong AM, van IJzendoorn LJ, Broer DJ (2004) Reaction–diffusion model
for the preparation of polymer gratings by patterned ultraviolet illumination. J Appl Phys
95:4125–4139
40. Demus D, Goodby JW, Gray GW, Spiess H-W, Vill V (1998) Handbook of liquid crystals.
Wiley-VCH