384
A. Shishido et al.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
(JSPS) KAKENHI grant no. JP17H05250 in Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Photosynergetics.” This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant no. JP17J09899. This work
was performed under the Cooperative Research Program of “Network Joint Research Center for
Materials and Devices.” This work was performed under the Research Program for CORE Lab of
“Dynamic Alliance for Open Innovation Bridging Human, Environment and Materials” in “Network
Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices.” This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI
in Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, “Molecular Engine: Design of Autonomous Functions
through Energy Conversion.” This work was supported by the Core Research for Evolutional Science
and Technology (CREST) program, “Creation of Innovative Core Technologies for Nano-enabled
Thermal Management” of JST.
References
1. Lakes R (1993) Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature 361:511–515
2. White TJ, Broer DJ (2015) Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer
networks and elastomers. Nat Mater 14:1087–1098
3. Hirst AR, Escuder B, Miravet JF, Smith DK (2008) High-tech applications of self-assembling
supra-molecular nanostructured gel-phase materials: From regenerative medicine to electronics
devices. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:8002–8018
4. Woltman SJ, Jay GD, Crawford GP (2007) Liquid-crystal materials find a new order in
biomedical applications. Nat Mater 6:929–938
5. O’Neill M, Kelly SM (2003) Liquid crystals for charge transport, luminescence, and photonics.
Adv Mater 15:1135–1146
6. Lehn J-M (2002) Toward self-organization and complex matter. Science 295:2400–2403
7. Kato T (2002) Self-assembly of phase-segregated liquid crystal structures. Science 295:2414–
2418
8. Whitesides GM, Grzybowski B (2002) Self-assembly at all scales. Science 295:2418–2421
9. Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K (2006) Functional liquid-crystalline assemblies: Selforganized soft materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:38–68
10. Schadt M (2009) Milestone in the history of field-effect liquid crystal displays and materials.
Jpn J Appl Phys 48:03B001
11. Yaroshchuk O, Reznikov Y (2012) Photoalignment of liquid crystals: basics and current trends.
J Mater Chem 22:286–300
12. Seki T, Nagano S, Hara M (2013) Versatility of photoalignment techniques: from nematics to
a wide range of functional materials. Polymer 54:6053–6072
13. Chigrinov VG, Kozenkov VM, Kwok H-S (2008) Photoalignment of liquid crystalline
materials: physics and applications. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
14. Priimagi A, Barrett CJ, Shishido A (2014) Recent twists in photoactuation and photoalignment
control. J Mater Chem C 2:7155–7162
15. Seki T (2016) Light-directed alignment, surface morphing and related processes: recent trends.
J Mater Chem C 4:7895–7910
16. Lv J-A, Liu Y, Wei J, Chen E, Qin L, Yu Y (2016) Photocontrol of fluid slugs in liquid crystal
polymer microactuators. Nature 537:179–184
17. Kobashi J, Yoshida H, Ozaki M (2016) Planar optics with patterned chiral liquid crystals. Nat
Photon 10:389–392
18. Palagi S, Mark AG, Reigh SY, Melde K, Qiu T, Zeng H, Parmeggiani C, Martella D, SanchezCastillo A, Kapernaum N, Giesselmann F, Wiersma DS, Lauga E, Fischer P (2016) Structured light enables biomimetic swimming and versatile locomotion of photoresponsive soft
microrobots. Nat Mater 15:647–653
A. Shishido et al.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
(JSPS) KAKENHI grant no. JP17H05250 in Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Photosynergetics.” This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant no. JP17J09899. This work
was performed under the Cooperative Research Program of “Network Joint Research Center for
Materials and Devices.” This work was performed under the Research Program for CORE Lab of
“Dynamic Alliance for Open Innovation Bridging Human, Environment and Materials” in “Network
Joint Research Center for Materials and Devices.” This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI
in Scientific Research on Innovative Areas, “Molecular Engine: Design of Autonomous Functions
through Energy Conversion.” This work was supported by the Core Research for Evolutional Science
and Technology (CREST) program, “Creation of Innovative Core Technologies for Nano-enabled
Thermal Management” of JST.
References
1. Lakes R (1993) Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature 361:511–515
2. White TJ, Broer DJ (2015) Programmable and adaptive mechanics with liquid crystal polymer
networks and elastomers. Nat Mater 14:1087–1098
3. Hirst AR, Escuder B, Miravet JF, Smith DK (2008) High-tech applications of self-assembling
supra-molecular nanostructured gel-phase materials: From regenerative medicine to electronics
devices. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:8002–8018
4. Woltman SJ, Jay GD, Crawford GP (2007) Liquid-crystal materials find a new order in
biomedical applications. Nat Mater 6:929–938
5. O’Neill M, Kelly SM (2003) Liquid crystals for charge transport, luminescence, and photonics.
Adv Mater 15:1135–1146
6. Lehn J-M (2002) Toward self-organization and complex matter. Science 295:2400–2403
7. Kato T (2002) Self-assembly of phase-segregated liquid crystal structures. Science 295:2414–
2418
8. Whitesides GM, Grzybowski B (2002) Self-assembly at all scales. Science 295:2418–2421
9. Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K (2006) Functional liquid-crystalline assemblies: Selforganized soft materials. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:38–68
10. Schadt M (2009) Milestone in the history of field-effect liquid crystal displays and materials.
Jpn J Appl Phys 48:03B001
11. Yaroshchuk O, Reznikov Y (2012) Photoalignment of liquid crystals: basics and current trends.
J Mater Chem 22:286–300
12. Seki T, Nagano S, Hara M (2013) Versatility of photoalignment techniques: from nematics to
a wide range of functional materials. Polymer 54:6053–6072
13. Chigrinov VG, Kozenkov VM, Kwok H-S (2008) Photoalignment of liquid crystalline
materials: physics and applications. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
14. Priimagi A, Barrett CJ, Shishido A (2014) Recent twists in photoactuation and photoalignment
control. J Mater Chem C 2:7155–7162
15. Seki T (2016) Light-directed alignment, surface morphing and related processes: recent trends.
J Mater Chem C 4:7895–7910
16. Lv J-A, Liu Y, Wei J, Chen E, Qin L, Yu Y (2016) Photocontrol of fluid slugs in liquid crystal
polymer microactuators. Nature 537:179–184
17. Kobashi J, Yoshida H, Ozaki M (2016) Planar optics with patterned chiral liquid crystals. Nat
Photon 10:389–392
18. Palagi S, Mark AG, Reigh SY, Melde K, Qiu T, Zeng H, Parmeggiani C, Martella D, SanchezCastillo A, Kapernaum N, Giesselmann F, Wiersma DS, Lauga E, Fischer P (2016) Structured light enables biomimetic swimming and versatile locomotion of photoresponsive soft
microrobots. Nat Mater 15:647–653