17 Synergetic Photon Upconversion Realized by a Controlled …
299
27. Monguzzi A, Tubino R, Meinardi F (2008) Upconversion-induced delayed fluorescence in
multicomponent organic systems: role of Dexter energy transfer. Phys Rev B 77:155122. https://
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.155122
28. Fan C, Wu W, Chruma JJ, Zhao J, Yang C (2016) Enhanced triplet-triplet energy transfer
and upconversion fluorescence through host-guest complexation. J Am Chem Soc 138:15405–
15412. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b07946
29. Ye C, Gray V, Mårtensson J, Börjesson K (2019) Annihilation versus excimer formation by the
triplet pair in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 141:9578–9584.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b02302
30. Serevicius T, Komskis R, Adomenas P, Adomeniene O, Kreiza G, Jankauskas V, Kazlauskas
K, Miasojedovas A, Jankus V, Monkman A, Jursenas S (2017) Triplet-triplet annihilation in
9,10-diphenylanthracene derivatives: the role of intersystem crossing and exciton diffusion. J
Phys Chem C 121:8515–8524. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b01336
31. Kozlov DV, Castellano FN (2004) Anti-Stokes delayed fluorescence from metal-organic
bichromophores. Chem Commun 2860–2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B412681E
32. Yu S, Zeng Y, Chen J, Yu T, Zhang X, Yang G, Li Y (2015) Intramolecular triplet-triplet
energy transfer enhanced triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion with a short-lived triplet
state platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide photosensitizer. RSC Adv 5:70640–70648. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C5RA12579K
33. Liu H, Yan X, Shen L, Tang Z, Liu S, Li X (2019) Color-tunable upconversion emission from a
twisted intramolecular charge-transfer state of anthracene dimers via triplet-triplet annihilation.
Mater Horiz 6:990–995. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH01586D
34. Dzebo D, Boerjesson K, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B (2016) Intramolecular triplettriplet annihilation upconversion in 9,10-diphenylanthracene oligomers and dendrimers. J Phys
Chem C 120:23397–23406. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07920
35. Börjesson K, Gilbert M, Dzebo D, Albinsson B, Moth-Poulsen K (2014) Conjugated anthracene
dendrimers with monomer-like fluorescence. RSC Adv 4:19846–19850. https://doi.org/10.
1039/C4RA02341B
36. Boutin PC, Ghiggino KP, Kelly TL, Steer RP (2013) Photon upconversion by triplet-triplet
annihilation in Ru(bpy) 3 - and DPA-functionalized polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 4:4113–4118.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jz402311j
37. Sato R, Kitoh-Nishioka H, Yanai T, Shigeta Y (2017) Theoretical analyses of triplet-triplet
annihilation process of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in solution. Chem Lett 46:873–875. https://
doi.org/10.1246/cl.170161
38. Ito S, Nagami T, Nakano M (2017) Rational design of doubly-bridged chromophores for singlet
fission and triplet-triplet annihilation. RSC Adv 7:34830–34845. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7R
A06032G
39. Vij V, Bhalla V, Kumar M (2016) Hexaarylbenzene: evolution of properties and applications
of multitalented scaffold. Chem Rev 116:9565–9627. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b0
0144
40. Lambert C (2005) Hexaarylbenzenes—prospects for toroidal delocalization of charge and
energy. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:7337–7339. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200502105
41. Sun D, Rosokha SV, Kochi JK (2005) Through-space (cofacial) π-delocalization among
multiple aromatic centers: toroidal conjugation in hexaphenylbenzene-like radical cations.
Angew Chem Int Ed 44:5133–5136. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501005
42. Rosokha SV, Neretin IS, Sun D, Kochi JK (2006) Very fast electron migrations within p-doped
aromatic cofacial arrays leading to three-dimensional (toroidal) π-delocalization. J Am Chem
Soc 128:9394–9407. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja060393n
43. Piet JJ, Biemans HAM, Warman JM, Meijer EW (1998) Rapid rotation of energy in the excited
state of a circular hexa-carbazole array. Chem Phys Lett 289:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0009-2614(98)00384-4
44. Khan FA, Wang D, Pemberton B, Talipov MR, Rathore R (2016) Toroidal delocalization
of a single electron through circularly-arrayed benzophenone chromophores in hexakis(4benzoylphenyl)benzene. J Photochem Photobiol, A 331:153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jphotochem.2016.05.002
299
27. Monguzzi A, Tubino R, Meinardi F (2008) Upconversion-induced delayed fluorescence in
multicomponent organic systems: role of Dexter energy transfer. Phys Rev B 77:155122. https://
doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.77.155122
28. Fan C, Wu W, Chruma JJ, Zhao J, Yang C (2016) Enhanced triplet-triplet energy transfer
and upconversion fluorescence through host-guest complexation. J Am Chem Soc 138:15405–
15412. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b07946
29. Ye C, Gray V, Mårtensson J, Börjesson K (2019) Annihilation versus excimer formation by the
triplet pair in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 141:9578–9584.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b02302
30. Serevicius T, Komskis R, Adomenas P, Adomeniene O, Kreiza G, Jankauskas V, Kazlauskas
K, Miasojedovas A, Jankus V, Monkman A, Jursenas S (2017) Triplet-triplet annihilation in
9,10-diphenylanthracene derivatives: the role of intersystem crossing and exciton diffusion. J
Phys Chem C 121:8515–8524. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b01336
31. Kozlov DV, Castellano FN (2004) Anti-Stokes delayed fluorescence from metal-organic
bichromophores. Chem Commun 2860–2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B412681E
32. Yu S, Zeng Y, Chen J, Yu T, Zhang X, Yang G, Li Y (2015) Intramolecular triplet-triplet
energy transfer enhanced triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion with a short-lived triplet
state platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide photosensitizer. RSC Adv 5:70640–70648. https://doi.
org/10.1039/C5RA12579K
33. Liu H, Yan X, Shen L, Tang Z, Liu S, Li X (2019) Color-tunable upconversion emission from a
twisted intramolecular charge-transfer state of anthracene dimers via triplet-triplet annihilation.
Mater Horiz 6:990–995. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MH01586D
34. Dzebo D, Boerjesson K, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B (2016) Intramolecular triplettriplet annihilation upconversion in 9,10-diphenylanthracene oligomers and dendrimers. J Phys
Chem C 120:23397–23406. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b07920
35. Börjesson K, Gilbert M, Dzebo D, Albinsson B, Moth-Poulsen K (2014) Conjugated anthracene
dendrimers with monomer-like fluorescence. RSC Adv 4:19846–19850. https://doi.org/10.
1039/C4RA02341B
36. Boutin PC, Ghiggino KP, Kelly TL, Steer RP (2013) Photon upconversion by triplet-triplet
annihilation in Ru(bpy) 3 - and DPA-functionalized polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 4:4113–4118.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jz402311j
37. Sato R, Kitoh-Nishioka H, Yanai T, Shigeta Y (2017) Theoretical analyses of triplet-triplet
annihilation process of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in solution. Chem Lett 46:873–875. https://
doi.org/10.1246/cl.170161
38. Ito S, Nagami T, Nakano M (2017) Rational design of doubly-bridged chromophores for singlet
fission and triplet-triplet annihilation. RSC Adv 7:34830–34845. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7R
A06032G
39. Vij V, Bhalla V, Kumar M (2016) Hexaarylbenzene: evolution of properties and applications
of multitalented scaffold. Chem Rev 116:9565–9627. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b0
0144
40. Lambert C (2005) Hexaarylbenzenes—prospects for toroidal delocalization of charge and
energy. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:7337–7339. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200502105
41. Sun D, Rosokha SV, Kochi JK (2005) Through-space (cofacial) π-delocalization among
multiple aromatic centers: toroidal conjugation in hexaphenylbenzene-like radical cations.
Angew Chem Int Ed 44:5133–5136. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200501005
42. Rosokha SV, Neretin IS, Sun D, Kochi JK (2006) Very fast electron migrations within p-doped
aromatic cofacial arrays leading to three-dimensional (toroidal) π-delocalization. J Am Chem
Soc 128:9394–9407. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja060393n
43. Piet JJ, Biemans HAM, Warman JM, Meijer EW (1998) Rapid rotation of energy in the excited
state of a circular hexa-carbazole array. Chem Phys Lett 289:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0009-2614(98)00384-4
44. Khan FA, Wang D, Pemberton B, Talipov MR, Rathore R (2016) Toroidal delocalization
of a single electron through circularly-arrayed benzophenone chromophores in hexakis(4benzoylphenyl)benzene. J Photochem Photobiol, A 331:153–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jphotochem.2016.05.002