4.2.4 Catalysts for Steam Reforming .................................. 55
4.3 Dry Reforming ........................................................................ 56
4.4 Tri-Reforming.......................................................................... 59
4.5 Effects of Feedstock and Operating Conditions on
Product Distributions...............................................................60
4.5.1 Steam Gasification......................................................60
4.5.1.1 Coal.............................................................60
4.5.1.2 Biomass....................................................... 62
4.5.1.3 Mixed Feedstock......................................... 67
4.5.1.4 Tar ............................................................... 68
4.5.1.5 Black Liquor ............................................... 69
4.5.1.6 Lignin.......................................................... 70
4.5.2 Steam Reforming ....................................................... 70
4.5.2.1 Ethanol........................................................ 70
4.5.2.2 Methanol ..................................................... 72
4.5.2.3 Liquid Hydrocarbons .................................. 75
4.5.2.4 Glycerol....................................................... 76
4.5.2.5 Biomass....................................................... 77
4.5.2.6 Mixed Feedstock......................................... 78
4.5.2.7 Carbon and Carbon Monoxide ................... 79
4.5.2.8 Bio-Oil ........................................................80
4.6 Steam Gasification and Reforming Reactors........................... 81
4.6.1 Steam Gasification Reactors....................................... 81
4.6.1.1 Fixed-Bed Gasifiers .................................... 81
4.6.1.2 Suspended Bed Reactor .............................. 82
4.6.1.3 Plasma and Free Radical Gasifiers .............84
4.6.1.4 Molten Salt Steam Gasification Reactors ...84
4.6.2 Steam Reforming Reactors ........................................ 87
4.7 Novel Steam Gasification and Reforming Processes .............. 89
4.7.1 Solar Gasification Technology ................................... 89
4.7.2 Solar Gasification Reactors and Processes.................90
4.7.3 Solar Reforming .........................................................92
4.7.3.1 ASTERIx: Solar Steam Reforming
of Methane ..................................................92
4.7.3.2 The Weizmann Institute Tubular
Reformer/Receiver...................................... 93
4.7.3.3 Soltox Process............................................. 93
4.7.3.4 Open-Loop Solar Syngas Production .........94
4.7.3.5 Other Solar Reforming Processes...............94
4.7.4 Microwave-Assisted Reforming................................. 95
4.7.5 Underground Coal Gasification.................................. 95
4.7.5.1 Underground Gasification Reactors............96
4.7.6 Other Novel Processes................................................ 98
References ..........................................................................................99
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Contents
4.3 Dry Reforming ........................................................................ 56
4.4 Tri-Reforming.......................................................................... 59
4.5 Effects of Feedstock and Operating Conditions on
Product Distributions...............................................................60
4.5.1 Steam Gasification......................................................60
4.5.1.1 Coal.............................................................60
4.5.1.2 Biomass....................................................... 62
4.5.1.3 Mixed Feedstock......................................... 67
4.5.1.4 Tar ............................................................... 68
4.5.1.5 Black Liquor ............................................... 69
4.5.1.6 Lignin.......................................................... 70
4.5.2 Steam Reforming ....................................................... 70
4.5.2.1 Ethanol........................................................ 70
4.5.2.2 Methanol ..................................................... 72
4.5.2.3 Liquid Hydrocarbons .................................. 75
4.5.2.4 Glycerol....................................................... 76
4.5.2.5 Biomass....................................................... 77
4.5.2.6 Mixed Feedstock......................................... 78
4.5.2.7 Carbon and Carbon Monoxide ................... 79
4.5.2.8 Bio-Oil ........................................................80
4.6 Steam Gasification and Reforming Reactors........................... 81
4.6.1 Steam Gasification Reactors....................................... 81
4.6.1.1 Fixed-Bed Gasifiers .................................... 81
4.6.1.2 Suspended Bed Reactor .............................. 82
4.6.1.3 Plasma and Free Radical Gasifiers .............84
4.6.1.4 Molten Salt Steam Gasification Reactors ...84
4.6.2 Steam Reforming Reactors ........................................ 87
4.7 Novel Steam Gasification and Reforming Processes .............. 89
4.7.1 Solar Gasification Technology ................................... 89
4.7.2 Solar Gasification Reactors and Processes.................90
4.7.3 Solar Reforming .........................................................92
4.7.3.1 ASTERIx: Solar Steam Reforming
of Methane ..................................................92
4.7.3.2 The Weizmann Institute Tubular
Reformer/Receiver...................................... 93
4.7.3.3 Soltox Process............................................. 93
4.7.3.4 Open-Loop Solar Syngas Production .........94
4.7.3.5 Other Solar Reforming Processes...............94
4.7.4 Microwave-Assisted Reforming................................. 95
4.7.5 Underground Coal Gasification.................................. 95
4.7.5.1 Underground Gasification Reactors............96
4.7.6 Other Novel Processes................................................ 98
References ..........................................................................................99
vii
Contents