Succinic acid
O
O
HO
OH
O
HO
3-Hydroxypropionic acid
OH
O
O
NH 2
HO
Glutamic acid
OH
O
O
NH 2
HO
Aspartic acid
OH
HO
Glycerol
OH
OH
HO
4-Hydroxybutyrolactone
O
O
O
O
HO
Itaconic acid
OH
O
O
Levulinic acid
OH
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid
O
O
O
OH
HO
Xylitol
OH
OH OH
OH
OH
Sorbitol
OH
OH OH OH
OH OH
Glucaric acid
OH
O
OH
HO
OH
O
OH
OH
FIGURE 7.6 “Select 12” platform chemicals from biomass as identified  by  the  Department of
Energy. (From Fitzpatrick, S. and Nace, P., “Biofine Technology, LLC: Renewable   chemicals and
biofuels,” Paper presented for Sustainable Bioplastics Council of Maine,  2012.  With  permission.)
6. Biochar
Biomass
1000 kg
1. Feedstock
optimization
2. Acid
hydrolysis
3. Esterification
4. Pyrolysis
Bio-oil
Sustainable
ethanol
Ethyl
levulinate
Upgraded
bio-oil
Diesel miscible biofuels
Levulinic
acid
250 kg
Formic
acid
100 kg
Furfural
150 kg
Solid
residues
500 kg
5. Upgrading of
pyrolysis bio-oil
FIGURE 7.7 Process chain to produce maximum yields of DMB from organic waste and
residue. (From Hayes, D., DiBANET project, 2013. With permission.)