Chapter 8 Anaerobic Digestion of Aqueous Waste for Methane and
Hydrogen ..........................................................................................205
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................205
8.2 Basic Principles of Anaerobic Digestion...............................206
8.3 Microbes and the Effects of Operating Conditions...............209
8.3.1 Effects of Temperature and Ammonia Inhibition ....209
8.3.2 pH Effect ..................................................................209
8.3.3 Nutrients Effect ........................................................ 210
8.4 Feedstock Effects .................................................................. 210
8.4.1 Coir Pith ................................................................... 212
8.4.2 Whey ........................................................................ 212
8.4.3 Distillery Spent Wash............................................... 212
8.4.4 Swine Waste ............................................................. 214
8.4.5 Byproducts of Biodiesel Production......................... 214
8.4.6 Palm Oil Mill Effluent ............................................. 215
8.4.7 LCFAs in Wastewater............................................... 215
8.4.8 Food and Kitchen Organic Waste ............................ 216
8.4.9 Wastewater Treatment .............................................. 217
8.4.10 Dairy Effluent........................................................... 217
8.4.11 Tofu Wastewater ....................................................... 217
8.4.12 Fruit Waste ............................................................... 218
8.5 Co-Digestion.......................................................................... 218
8.6 Effects of Harvesting, Storage, and Pretreatment ................. 219
8.6.1 Effect of Harvesting ................................................. 219
8.6.2 Storage...................................................................... 219
8.6.3 Pretreatment ............................................................. 220
8.7 Types of Fermentation and Associated Digester
Configurations ....................................................................... 220
8.7.1 Wet Fermentation ..................................................... 220
8.7.2 Dry Fermentation ..................................................... 221
8.7.3 Batch Fermentation .................................................. 221
8.7.4 Two-Stage Fermentation .......................................... 221
8.7.5 Novel Digester Technology ...................................... 222
8.8 Simulation, Modeling, Scale-Up, and Control
of Fermentation Process ........................................................ 222
8.9 Purification of Biogas ............................................................ 223
8.10 Utilization of Biogas and Digestate.......................................224
References ........................................................................................ 225
Chapter 9 Hydrolysis and Fermentation Technologies for Alcohols ................ 233
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 233
9.2 Grain (Corn) Ethanol............................................................. 235
9.2.1 Starch Hydrolysis ..................................................... 236
9.2.2 Yeast Fermentation................................................... 236
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Contents
Hydrogen ..........................................................................................205
8.1 Introduction ...........................................................................205
8.2 Basic Principles of Anaerobic Digestion...............................206
8.3 Microbes and the Effects of Operating Conditions...............209
8.3.1 Effects of Temperature and Ammonia Inhibition ....209
8.3.2 pH Effect ..................................................................209
8.3.3 Nutrients Effect ........................................................ 210
8.4 Feedstock Effects .................................................................. 210
8.4.1 Coir Pith ................................................................... 212
8.4.2 Whey ........................................................................ 212
8.4.3 Distillery Spent Wash............................................... 212
8.4.4 Swine Waste ............................................................. 214
8.4.5 Byproducts of Biodiesel Production......................... 214
8.4.6 Palm Oil Mill Effluent ............................................. 215
8.4.7 LCFAs in Wastewater............................................... 215
8.4.8 Food and Kitchen Organic Waste ............................ 216
8.4.9 Wastewater Treatment .............................................. 217
8.4.10 Dairy Effluent........................................................... 217
8.4.11 Tofu Wastewater ....................................................... 217
8.4.12 Fruit Waste ............................................................... 218
8.5 Co-Digestion.......................................................................... 218
8.6 Effects of Harvesting, Storage, and Pretreatment ................. 219
8.6.1 Effect of Harvesting ................................................. 219
8.6.2 Storage...................................................................... 219
8.6.3 Pretreatment ............................................................. 220
8.7 Types of Fermentation and Associated Digester
Configurations ....................................................................... 220
8.7.1 Wet Fermentation ..................................................... 220
8.7.2 Dry Fermentation ..................................................... 221
8.7.3 Batch Fermentation .................................................. 221
8.7.4 Two-Stage Fermentation .......................................... 221
8.7.5 Novel Digester Technology ...................................... 222
8.8 Simulation, Modeling, Scale-Up, and Control
of Fermentation Process ........................................................ 222
8.9 Purification of Biogas ............................................................ 223
8.10 Utilization of Biogas and Digestate.......................................224
References ........................................................................................ 225
Chapter 9 Hydrolysis and Fermentation Technologies for Alcohols ................ 233
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 233
9.2 Grain (Corn) Ethanol............................................................. 235
9.2.1 Starch Hydrolysis ..................................................... 236
9.2.2 Yeast Fermentation................................................... 236
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Contents