6.5 Kinetics and Catalysis of APR Process................................. 163
6.5.1 Effects of Temperature, Carbon Number,
and Pressure ............................................................. 163
6.5.2
6.5.3
Effects of Catalysts and Supports ............................ 163
Effects of Promoters and Acidity of Liquid
and Solids ................................................................. 165
6.5.4 Effects of Feedstock ................................................. 166
6.5.4.1 APR of Ethylene Glycol, Alcohols,
and Glycerol (Primary Feedstock with
High Vapor Pressure)................................ 166
6.5.4.2 APR of Sugar and Glucose (Primary
Feedstock with Low Vapor Pressure) ....... 167
6.5.4.3 APR of Biomass and Cellulose
(Secondary Feedstock).............................. 168
6.5.5 Novel Reactor Designs ............................................. 170
6.5.6 Summary .................................................................. 171
6.6 Production of Syngas and Monofunctional Groups
and Their Upgrading ............................................................. 172
6.6.1 Syngas ...................................................................... 172
6.6.2 Monofunctional Groups ........................................... 172
6.7 Virent’s Bioforming Process ................................................. 173
References ........................................................................................ 178
Chapter 7 Biofine Hydrolysis Process and Derivative Product Upgrading
Technologies..................................................................................... 183
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 183
7.2
7.3
The Hydrolysis Process ......................................................... 185
Upgrading of Intermediate Products from the Biofine
Process................................................................................... 191
7.3.1 Transformation of Levulinic Acid............................ 192
7.3.2 Gamma-Valerolectone.............................................. 195
7.3.3 Furfuryl and Hydroxymethyl Furfuryl..................... 196
7.3.4 Formic Acid.............................................................. 197
7.3.5 Biofine Char ............................................................. 197
7.4 Compa
7.4.1
7.4.2
rison of Biofine Process with Other Technologies..... 197
DIBANET Project.................................................... 197
Biofine Process versus Fermentation Process .......... 199
7.5
Refe
7.4.3 Biofine Process versus Bioforming Process............. 199
Large-Scale Biofine Process..................................................200
rences ........................................................................................200
ix
Contents
6.5.1 Effects of Temperature, Carbon Number,
and Pressure ............................................................. 163
6.5.2
6.5.3
Effects of Catalysts and Supports ............................ 163
Effects of Promoters and Acidity of Liquid
and Solids ................................................................. 165
6.5.4 Effects of Feedstock ................................................. 166
6.5.4.1 APR of Ethylene Glycol, Alcohols,
and Glycerol (Primary Feedstock with
High Vapor Pressure)................................ 166
6.5.4.2 APR of Sugar and Glucose (Primary
Feedstock with Low Vapor Pressure) ....... 167
6.5.4.3 APR of Biomass and Cellulose
(Secondary Feedstock).............................. 168
6.5.5 Novel Reactor Designs ............................................. 170
6.5.6 Summary .................................................................. 171
6.6 Production of Syngas and Monofunctional Groups
and Their Upgrading ............................................................. 172
6.6.1 Syngas ...................................................................... 172
6.6.2 Monofunctional Groups ........................................... 172
6.7 Virent’s Bioforming Process ................................................. 173
References ........................................................................................ 178
Chapter 7 Biofine Hydrolysis Process and Derivative Product Upgrading
Technologies..................................................................................... 183
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 183
7.2
7.3
The Hydrolysis Process ......................................................... 185
Upgrading of Intermediate Products from the Biofine
Process................................................................................... 191
7.3.1 Transformation of Levulinic Acid............................ 192
7.3.2 Gamma-Valerolectone.............................................. 195
7.3.3 Furfuryl and Hydroxymethyl Furfuryl..................... 196
7.3.4 Formic Acid.............................................................. 197
7.3.5 Biofine Char ............................................................. 197
7.4 Compa
7.4.1
7.4.2
rison of Biofine Process with Other Technologies..... 197
DIBANET Project.................................................... 197
Biofine Process versus Fermentation Process .......... 199
7.5
Refe
7.4.3 Biofine Process versus Bioforming Process............. 199
Large-Scale Biofine Process..................................................200
rences ........................................................................................200
ix
Contents