33
2
high cetane number, it can be used as
“biodiesel”.
5 Jojoba oil is not a fat but a wax, i.e. a
monoester of a fatty acid with a long-chain
alcohol. Jojoba oil is used in cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals and as a lubricant.
5 Important animal fats and oils are
grease, tallow and fish oils. Grease and
tallow contain high levels of oleic and
palmitic acid; fish oils contain the four to
sixfold unsaturated fatty acids that are
important for nutrition.
5 In the market year 2014/15, the worldwide
production of fats and oils amounted to
approx. 202 million tons. The world’s most
important oils in terms of quantity are palm
oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil.
5 In Germany, about 1.2 million tons of fats
and oils are currently used each year in
chemical industry.
? Ten Quickies
1. Are there odd-numbered fatty acids in
natural fats? Do you know an example?
2. Write down the abbreviations for
cis-6-octadecenoic acid (petroselic acid),
trans-9-octadecenoic acid (elaidic acid)
and trans-13-docosenoic acid (brassidic
acid)!
3. Name (at least) one fatty acid with a
hydroxy group!
4. What are “laurics”? In which oils do these
fatty acids occur?
5. Distinguish between MUFA and PUFA.
Give examples!
6. You are offered the untreated press cake
of the castor oil plant as dog food. How
do you react?
7. Which oil plants are particularly
undemanding?
8. Give examples of “drying oils”! Where did
they get her name?
9. Which fats and oils contain a relatively
high proportion of oleic acid?
10. Why is the extraction of oil plants with
supercritical carbon dioxide particularly
advantageous?
Summary (Take-Home Messages)
5 A distinction is made between vegetable
fats with predominantly short fatty
acid chains (C12–C14) and fats with
predominantly longer chains (C16–C22).
5 The laurics include coconut oil and palm
kernel oil. They play an important role
as raw materials for the production of
oleochemical surfactants.
5 The extraction of oils from seeds and
nuts was explained using the example
of coconuts: these are crushed, heated
and pressed out in screw presses. The
cloudy oil is then filtered. The remaining
press cake can still be extracted with
hydrocarbons or supercritical CO 2 .
5 The old rapeseed oil contains erucic acid
(C22:1) and is therefore unsuitable for
human consumption. The new rapeseed
oil with high content of oleic acid (C18:1)
and linoleic acid (C18:2) was created by
new breeding.
5 The oil of the old sunflower contains a
lot of linoleic acid, similar to soy oil. The
newly bred high-oleic sunflowers, on the
other hand, contain almost exclusively
oleic acid. Oleic acid is also the main fatty
acid of olive oil.
5 Linseed is used to produce linseed
oil, which contains a high proportion
of linolenic acid (50–60% C18:3). This
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) can
polymerize in air to a solid layer. Linseed
oil is therefore also called drying oil.
Safflower oil also contains a higher
proportion of PUFA and is therefore used
similarly to linseed oil in the paint and
varnish industry.
5 The main fatty acid of castor oil is
ricinoleic acid, a C18:1 acid with an
additional hydroxy function in the C12
position. The oil has good lubricating
properties, but because of its alcohol
group it can also be chemically converted
in many ways.
5 Jatropha oil can become more important
in developing countries because it is
also growing in arid areas. Due to its
2.3 · Some Numbers
2
high cetane number, it can be used as
“biodiesel”.
5 Jojoba oil is not a fat but a wax, i.e. a
monoester of a fatty acid with a long-chain
alcohol. Jojoba oil is used in cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals and as a lubricant.
5 Important animal fats and oils are
grease, tallow and fish oils. Grease and
tallow contain high levels of oleic and
palmitic acid; fish oils contain the four to
sixfold unsaturated fatty acids that are
important for nutrition.
5 In the market year 2014/15, the worldwide
production of fats and oils amounted to
approx. 202 million tons. The world’s most
important oils in terms of quantity are palm
oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil.
5 In Germany, about 1.2 million tons of fats
and oils are currently used each year in
chemical industry.
? Ten Quickies
1. Are there odd-numbered fatty acids in
natural fats? Do you know an example?
2. Write down the abbreviations for
cis-6-octadecenoic acid (petroselic acid),
trans-9-octadecenoic acid (elaidic acid)
and trans-13-docosenoic acid (brassidic
acid)!
3. Name (at least) one fatty acid with a
hydroxy group!
4. What are “laurics”? In which oils do these
fatty acids occur?
5. Distinguish between MUFA and PUFA.
Give examples!
6. You are offered the untreated press cake
of the castor oil plant as dog food. How
do you react?
7. Which oil plants are particularly
undemanding?
8. Give examples of “drying oils”! Where did
they get her name?
9. Which fats and oils contain a relatively
high proportion of oleic acid?
10. Why is the extraction of oil plants with
supercritical carbon dioxide particularly
advantageous?
Summary (Take-Home Messages)
5 A distinction is made between vegetable
fats with predominantly short fatty
acid chains (C12–C14) and fats with
predominantly longer chains (C16–C22).
5 The laurics include coconut oil and palm
kernel oil. They play an important role
as raw materials for the production of
oleochemical surfactants.
5 The extraction of oils from seeds and
nuts was explained using the example
of coconuts: these are crushed, heated
and pressed out in screw presses. The
cloudy oil is then filtered. The remaining
press cake can still be extracted with
hydrocarbons or supercritical CO 2 .
5 The old rapeseed oil contains erucic acid
(C22:1) and is therefore unsuitable for
human consumption. The new rapeseed
oil with high content of oleic acid (C18:1)
and linoleic acid (C18:2) was created by
new breeding.
5 The oil of the old sunflower contains a
lot of linoleic acid, similar to soy oil. The
newly bred high-oleic sunflowers, on the
other hand, contain almost exclusively
oleic acid. Oleic acid is also the main fatty
acid of olive oil.
5 Linseed is used to produce linseed
oil, which contains a high proportion
of linolenic acid (50–60% C18:3). This
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) can
polymerize in air to a solid layer. Linseed
oil is therefore also called drying oil.
Safflower oil also contains a higher
proportion of PUFA and is therefore used
similarly to linseed oil in the paint and
varnish industry.
5 The main fatty acid of castor oil is
ricinoleic acid, a C18:1 acid with an
additional hydroxy function in the C12
position. The oil has good lubricating
properties, but because of its alcohol
group it can also be chemically converted
in many ways.
5 Jatropha oil can become more important
in developing countries because it is
also growing in arid areas. Due to its
2.3 · Some Numbers