Table 1 Epigenetic control in different diseases
Disease
Target
a
Alteration
References
Cancer
DNMT1, DNMT3, TET,
GCN5, p300/CBP, MYST,
HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3,
HDAC6, HDAC9, SIRT1,
SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT6,
SIRT7, EZH2, DOT1L,
SETDB1, NSD1, LSD1,
JMJD2C, and JMJD3
Global DNA hypomethylation,
CpG island hypermethylation,
hypoacetylation, and
hypermethylation
[10–12]
Aging
DNMT1, TET, SET2, p300/
CBP, SUV39H1, SIRT1,
SIRT6, HDAC4, HDAC5,
HDAC7, KDM2, and KDM7
Global DNA hypomethylation,
CpG island hypermethylation,
aberrant histone acetylation and
methylation
[13, 14]
Diabetes
DNMT1, p300/CBP SET7/9
DNA hypermethylation of the
PPARGC1A
b promoter in
pancreatic islets
Insulin gene displays
hyperacetylation and
hypermethylation in b cells
[15]
Parkinson’s
disease
DNMT1, HDAC1, SIRT2
Global DNA hypomethylation,
aberrant histone acetylation
[10, 16,
17]
Alzheimer’s
disease
DNMT3B, HDAC2, HDAC6 CpG island hypermethylation,
aberrant histone acetylation
[10, 16,
17]
Huntington’s
disease
p300/CBP, ESET
Aberrant histone acetylation
and methylation
[10, 18]
Multiple
sclerosis
DNMT1, TET2, HDAC1,
HDAC2
CpG island hypomethylation
[10, 19]
Systemic
lupus
erythematosus
DNMT1, DNMT3a,
DNMT3b, HDAC2, HDAC7,
MAPK
CpG island hypomethylation,
aberrant acetylation and
aberrant phosphorylation
[10, 20–
22]
Rheumatoid
arthritis
DNMT1, HDAC4
Global DNA hypomethylation,
CpG island hypermethylation
[10, 23]
a DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1), DNMT3 (DNA methyltransferase 3), DNMT3a (DNA
methyltransferase 3a), DNMT3b (DNA methyltransferase 3b), DOT1L (disruptor of telomeric
silencing-1 like), EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2), ESET (ERG-associated protein with SET
domain), GCN5 (general control nonderepressible 5), HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), HDAC2
(histone deacetylase 2), HDAC3 (histone deacetylase 3), HDAC4 (histone deacetylase 4), HDAC5
(histone deacetylase 5), HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6), HDAC7 (histone deacetylase 7),
HDAC9 (histone deacetylase 9), JMJD2C (Jumonji domain-containing 2C), JMJD3 (Jumonji
domain-containing 3), KDM2 (lysine demethylase 2), KDM7 (lysine demethylase 7), LSD1
(lysine-specific histone demethylase 1), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), MYST (Moz,
Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2, Tip60), NSD1 (nuclear receptor-Binding SET domain protein 1), p300/CBP
(CREB-binding protein), SET2 (SET domain-containing 2), SET7/9 (SET domain-containing 7/9),
SETDB1 (SET domain, bifurcated 1), SIRT1 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog
1), SIRT2 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 2), SIRT3 (silent mating-type
information regulation 2 homolog 3), SIRT6 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog
6), SIRT7 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 7), SUV39H1 (suppressor Of
variegation 3-9 homolog 1), TET (ten-eleven translocation), and TET2 (ten-eleven translocation 2)
b
PPARGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1 Alpha)
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Disease
Target
a
Alteration
References
Cancer
DNMT1, DNMT3, TET,
GCN5, p300/CBP, MYST,
HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3,
HDAC6, HDAC9, SIRT1,
SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT6,
SIRT7, EZH2, DOT1L,
SETDB1, NSD1, LSD1,
JMJD2C, and JMJD3
Global DNA hypomethylation,
CpG island hypermethylation,
hypoacetylation, and
hypermethylation
[10–12]
Aging
DNMT1, TET, SET2, p300/
CBP, SUV39H1, SIRT1,
SIRT6, HDAC4, HDAC5,
HDAC7, KDM2, and KDM7
Global DNA hypomethylation,
CpG island hypermethylation,
aberrant histone acetylation and
methylation
[13, 14]
Diabetes
DNMT1, p300/CBP SET7/9
DNA hypermethylation of the
PPARGC1A
b promoter in
pancreatic islets
Insulin gene displays
hyperacetylation and
hypermethylation in b cells
[15]
Parkinson’s
disease
DNMT1, HDAC1, SIRT2
Global DNA hypomethylation,
aberrant histone acetylation
[10, 16,
17]
Alzheimer’s
disease
DNMT3B, HDAC2, HDAC6 CpG island hypermethylation,
aberrant histone acetylation
[10, 16,
17]
Huntington’s
disease
p300/CBP, ESET
Aberrant histone acetylation
and methylation
[10, 18]
Multiple
sclerosis
DNMT1, TET2, HDAC1,
HDAC2
CpG island hypomethylation
[10, 19]
Systemic
lupus
erythematosus
DNMT1, DNMT3a,
DNMT3b, HDAC2, HDAC7,
MAPK
CpG island hypomethylation,
aberrant acetylation and
aberrant phosphorylation
[10, 20–
22]
Rheumatoid
arthritis
DNMT1, HDAC4
Global DNA hypomethylation,
CpG island hypermethylation
[10, 23]
a DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1), DNMT3 (DNA methyltransferase 3), DNMT3a (DNA
methyltransferase 3a), DNMT3b (DNA methyltransferase 3b), DOT1L (disruptor of telomeric
silencing-1 like), EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2), ESET (ERG-associated protein with SET
domain), GCN5 (general control nonderepressible 5), HDAC1 (histone deacetylase 1), HDAC2
(histone deacetylase 2), HDAC3 (histone deacetylase 3), HDAC4 (histone deacetylase 4), HDAC5
(histone deacetylase 5), HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6), HDAC7 (histone deacetylase 7),
HDAC9 (histone deacetylase 9), JMJD2C (Jumonji domain-containing 2C), JMJD3 (Jumonji
domain-containing 3), KDM2 (lysine demethylase 2), KDM7 (lysine demethylase 7), LSD1
(lysine-specific histone demethylase 1), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), MYST (Moz,
Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2, Tip60), NSD1 (nuclear receptor-Binding SET domain protein 1), p300/CBP
(CREB-binding protein), SET2 (SET domain-containing 2), SET7/9 (SET domain-containing 7/9),
SETDB1 (SET domain, bifurcated 1), SIRT1 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog
1), SIRT2 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 2), SIRT3 (silent mating-type
information regulation 2 homolog 3), SIRT6 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog
6), SIRT7 (silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 7), SUV39H1 (suppressor Of
variegation 3-9 homolog 1), TET (ten-eleven translocation), and TET2 (ten-eleven translocation 2)
b
PPARGC1A (PPARG coactivator 1 Alpha)
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