64
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
TG
DG
MG
FAME
NC15
10
15
20
25
30
35
40 min
Figure 3.13
Chromatogram of biodiesel. (From Hu, J., Du, Z., Li, C., and Min, E., Fuel, 84, 1601–06, 2005.
Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Publications.)
methyl esters are only detected in refined biodiesel. In order to analyze the
purity of biodiesels, acid value was measured. Figure 3 .13 shows the chromatogram of biodiesel and Table 3 .4 describes the amount of FAME and glycerides in biodiesel.
3.4.12 Sulfur
Sulphur in the biodiesel is measured by titration as per ASTM D5453 test
method. Higher sulphur in the biodiesel increases wear between piston
rings and cylinder liners, increases combustion chamber deposits, increases
particulate matter emissions, and reduces the performance of after treatment
devices. Emission norms advocate the reduction in sulfur content in the fuel
in order to reduce the exhaust emissions.
3.4.13 Carbon residue
Conradson carbon residue (CCR) is the measure of tendency of a fuel to produce deposits on injector tips of nozzle and combustion chamber. This is
measured as per ASTM D 4530 test method. The test is performed via heating a weighed sample of a fuel to 500ºC under a nitrogen atmosphere for
a specified duration. At these conditions any volatiles that are formed are
purged by nitrogen and the residue that remains is called carbon residue.
The maximum limit for carbon residue in biodiesel is 0.05% by mass. The
common source of carbon residues in biodiesel is due to an excessive level
of total glycerin. This gives an indication of the amount of glycerides, FFAs,
soaps, higher unsaturated fatty acids, inorganic impurities, additives used
for, and catalyst residues remaining within the sample.
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
TG
DG
MG
FAME
NC15
10
15
20
25
30
35
40 min
Figure 3.13
Chromatogram of biodiesel. (From Hu, J., Du, Z., Li, C., and Min, E., Fuel, 84, 1601–06, 2005.
Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Publications.)
methyl esters are only detected in refined biodiesel. In order to analyze the
purity of biodiesels, acid value was measured. Figure 3 .13 shows the chromatogram of biodiesel and Table 3 .4 describes the amount of FAME and glycerides in biodiesel.
3.4.12 Sulfur
Sulphur in the biodiesel is measured by titration as per ASTM D5453 test
method. Higher sulphur in the biodiesel increases wear between piston
rings and cylinder liners, increases combustion chamber deposits, increases
particulate matter emissions, and reduces the performance of after treatment
devices. Emission norms advocate the reduction in sulfur content in the fuel
in order to reduce the exhaust emissions.
3.4.13 Carbon residue
Conradson carbon residue (CCR) is the measure of tendency of a fuel to produce deposits on injector tips of nozzle and combustion chamber. This is
measured as per ASTM D 4530 test method. The test is performed via heating a weighed sample of a fuel to 500ºC under a nitrogen atmosphere for
a specified duration. At these conditions any volatiles that are formed are
purged by nitrogen and the residue that remains is called carbon residue.
The maximum limit for carbon residue in biodiesel is 0.05% by mass. The
common source of carbon residues in biodiesel is due to an excessive level
of total glycerin. This gives an indication of the amount of glycerides, FFAs,
soaps, higher unsaturated fatty acids, inorganic impurities, additives used
for, and catalyst residues remaining within the sample.