304
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
the AC motors fall under three categories: induction motors, synchronous
motors, and switched or variable reluctance motors.
10.3.2 Battery Storage Systems
Batteries are energy storage systems that are used to store electrical energy.
Electrochemical batteries, more commonly known as batteries that convert
electrical energy into chemical energy during charging, and converts chemical energy into electrical energy during discharging. The battery is as important as the combustion engine of a conventional vehicle and considered as
the essential power plant of EVs.
Batteries can be classified into two types: primary batteries and secondary batteries. Primary batteries irreversibly transform chemical energy
into electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted,
energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means. The
primary batteries have higher energy densities than secondary batteries.
The primary batteries supply energy immediately; however these batteries
have to be discarded once the energy is completely used. Typical primary
batteries (disposable batteries) are alkaline batteries and zinc–carbon
batteries.
Secondary batteries are known as rechargeable batteries. The chemical
reactions can be reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell and it can
be restored to its initial position. Battery chargers are used to recharge the
battery by supplying electricity. Rechargeable batteries are used in EVs.
10.3.2.1 Requirement of Electric Vehicle Batteries
The important requirement of EV traction batteries is to have cycle-life as
high as possible. During usage, it undergoes charging and discharging
many times and the performance of the battery comes down after a particular period of life. Generally, the degenerative stages of batteries during
service are interactive and accumulative. So, when the performance starts to
decline, it soon accelerates and the battery becomes unusable. Despite these
problems, modern-day batteries with advanced technologies are able to fulfill requirements for more than 1000 cycles.
The batteries should have
1. A stable voltage output over a good depth of discharge
2. High energy capacity for the given battery weight and size
3. High peak power output per unit mass and volume
4. High energy efficiency
5. Able to function with wide ranges of operating temperatures
6. Good charge retention on open-circuit stand
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
the AC motors fall under three categories: induction motors, synchronous
motors, and switched or variable reluctance motors.
10.3.2 Battery Storage Systems
Batteries are energy storage systems that are used to store electrical energy.
Electrochemical batteries, more commonly known as batteries that convert
electrical energy into chemical energy during charging, and converts chemical energy into electrical energy during discharging. The battery is as important as the combustion engine of a conventional vehicle and considered as
the essential power plant of EVs.
Batteries can be classified into two types: primary batteries and secondary batteries. Primary batteries irreversibly transform chemical energy
into electrical energy. When the initial supply of reactants is exhausted,
energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by electrical means. The
primary batteries have higher energy densities than secondary batteries.
The primary batteries supply energy immediately; however these batteries
have to be discarded once the energy is completely used. Typical primary
batteries (disposable batteries) are alkaline batteries and zinc–carbon
batteries.
Secondary batteries are known as rechargeable batteries. The chemical
reactions can be reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell and it can
be restored to its initial position. Battery chargers are used to recharge the
battery by supplying electricity. Rechargeable batteries are used in EVs.
10.3.2.1 Requirement of Electric Vehicle Batteries
The important requirement of EV traction batteries is to have cycle-life as
high as possible. During usage, it undergoes charging and discharging
many times and the performance of the battery comes down after a particular period of life. Generally, the degenerative stages of batteries during
service are interactive and accumulative. So, when the performance starts to
decline, it soon accelerates and the battery becomes unusable. Despite these
problems, modern-day batteries with advanced technologies are able to fulfill requirements for more than 1000 cycles.
The batteries should have
1. A stable voltage output over a good depth of discharge
2. High energy capacity for the given battery weight and size
3. High peak power output per unit mass and volume
4. High energy efficiency
5. Able to function with wide ranges of operating temperatures
6. Good charge retention on open-circuit stand