3. Fuel production
4. Fuel distribution
5. Vehicle use
These stages can be divided further into a Well-to-Tank (WTT) and Tankto-Wheel (TTW) portion of the Well-to-Wheel analysis. The WTT portion of
the whole analysis considers the fuel from resource recovery to the delivery to the vehicle tank; that is, the feedstock production + transportation
and the fuel production + distribution. This kind of division enables one
to consider the analysis in smaller sections when needed and also helps
the researchers to concentrate on the key areas. Well-to-Wheel analysis of
fuels helps to evaluate different fuel consumption parameters during fuel’s
lifetime.
9.5.1 JrC/euCAr/CONCAWe r eport
EUCAR (European Council for Automotive Research and Development),
CONCAWE (the oil companies’ European association for environment,
health, and safety in refining and distribution), and JRC (the Joint Research
Centre of the EU Commission) have performed a joint evaluation of the
Well-to-Wheels energy use and GHG emissions for a wide range of potential
future fuel and power train options CONCAWE. The specific objectives of
the study were to
256
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
• Establish, in a transparent and objective manner, a consensual wellto-wheels energy use and GHG emissions assessment of a wide
range of automotive fuels and power trains relevant to Europe in
2010 and beyond
• Consider the viability of each fuel pathway and estimate the associated macro-economic costs
• Have the outcome accepted as a reference by all relevant
stakeholders
The considered WTT matrix was given in Table 9.5. Results of interest for
this study, with reference to different pathways of hydrogen production, are
reported in Figure 9.3.
Key-point, from the same reference, was the following: “In the short-term,
natural gas is the only viable and cheapest source of large scale hydrogen.
WTW GHG emissions savings can only be achieved if hydrogen is used in
fuel cell vehicles albeit at high costs. Hydrogen ICE vehicles will be available
in the near-term at a lower cost than fuel cells. Their use would increase GHG
emissions as long as hydrogen is produced from natural gas. Hydrogen from
nonfossil sources (biomass, wind, nuclear) offers low overall GHG emissions.
Renewable sources have a limited potential for the foreseeable future and
4. Fuel distribution
5. Vehicle use
These stages can be divided further into a Well-to-Tank (WTT) and Tankto-Wheel (TTW) portion of the Well-to-Wheel analysis. The WTT portion of
the whole analysis considers the fuel from resource recovery to the delivery to the vehicle tank; that is, the feedstock production + transportation
and the fuel production + distribution. This kind of division enables one
to consider the analysis in smaller sections when needed and also helps
the researchers to concentrate on the key areas. Well-to-Wheel analysis of
fuels helps to evaluate different fuel consumption parameters during fuel’s
lifetime.
9.5.1 JrC/euCAr/CONCAWe r eport
EUCAR (European Council for Automotive Research and Development),
CONCAWE (the oil companies’ European association for environment,
health, and safety in refining and distribution), and JRC (the Joint Research
Centre of the EU Commission) have performed a joint evaluation of the
Well-to-Wheels energy use and GHG emissions for a wide range of potential
future fuel and power train options CONCAWE. The specific objectives of
the study were to
256
Alternative Fuels for Transportation
• Establish, in a transparent and objective manner, a consensual wellto-wheels energy use and GHG emissions assessment of a wide
range of automotive fuels and power trains relevant to Europe in
2010 and beyond
• Consider the viability of each fuel pathway and estimate the associated macro-economic costs
• Have the outcome accepted as a reference by all relevant
stakeholders
The considered WTT matrix was given in Table 9.5. Results of interest for
this study, with reference to different pathways of hydrogen production, are
reported in Figure 9.3.
Key-point, from the same reference, was the following: “In the short-term,
natural gas is the only viable and cheapest source of large scale hydrogen.
WTW GHG emissions savings can only be achieved if hydrogen is used in
fuel cell vehicles albeit at high costs. Hydrogen ICE vehicles will be available
in the near-term at a lower cost than fuel cells. Their use would increase GHG
emissions as long as hydrogen is produced from natural gas. Hydrogen from
nonfossil sources (biomass, wind, nuclear) offers low overall GHG emissions.
Renewable sources have a limited potential for the foreseeable future and