3.1 Metal Oxides/Sulfides
39
Furthermore, they provided an advanced method for the miniaturization and functionalization of devices using single TMV nanostructures as templates. In particular,
genetic modification of TMV provided methods for inducing the deposition of ZnO
nanostructures and thus enhancing the field-effect transistor performance (Kadri et al.
2011). Thus, the skillful design of TMV mutants can be applied to the deposition of
other inorganic functional nanomaterials.
Novel bio-electrode materials have been successfully synthesized by a fungal
manganese biomineralization process for the first time (Li et al. 2016). Further
electrochemical tests showed that the carbonized fungal biomass-mineral electrode material had a fundamental specific capacitance in a supercapacitor and
a good cycling stability in a lithium-ion battery. Most importantly, the research
provided an advanced biotechnological method for the production of sustainable
bio-electrochemical materials.
Composite 1D nanowires have been rationally designed and synthesized by an
M13 virus-guidance process (Chen et al. 2014). Among the various types of representative organic templates for nanomaterial synthesis, M13 viruses have special
properties such as the genetic tunability of helically arranged primary coat proteins
and a high aspect ratio structure (diameter of approximately 6 nm and length of
approximately 880 nm. Three unique spinel oxide nanowires of Mn x Co 3-x O 4 (x = 0,
1, 2) were templated from the M13 virus by a two-step reaction. From the heterogeneous nanowires, three-dimensional bio-composite nanowires with a length of 1 μm
and a diameter of 50 nm were produced.
3.1.2.3 AAO Templating
Hierarchical manganese dioxide nanowire-nanofibril arrays have been fabricated
on an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template (Duay et al. 2013). A conformal
layer of manganese dioxide nanofibrils was evenly grown on the surface of
single manganese dioxide nanowires. The synthetic mechanism of the hierarchical
manganese dioxide nanostructures was characterized by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), electrochemical measurements, electron microscopy, and Raman
spectroscopy. The charge storage mechanism of this complex nanomaterial was
investigated in different solvents at slow scan rates. In acetonitrile electrolyte, the
MnO 2 nanofibrils exhibited capacitance due to cation insertion, while in aqueous
electrolyte, the MnO 2 nanofibrils exhibited capacitance due to surface adsorption
and double-layer processes. Additionally, the MnO 2 nanofibrils exhibited controllable parameters including nanowire diameter, amount of nanofibril material, and
nanowire length.
3.1.2.4 MOFs Templating
Owing to metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) diverse compositional and structural
functionalities, which formed by supramolecular assembly of metal ions with organic
39
Furthermore, they provided an advanced method for the miniaturization and functionalization of devices using single TMV nanostructures as templates. In particular,
genetic modification of TMV provided methods for inducing the deposition of ZnO
nanostructures and thus enhancing the field-effect transistor performance (Kadri et al.
2011). Thus, the skillful design of TMV mutants can be applied to the deposition of
other inorganic functional nanomaterials.
Novel bio-electrode materials have been successfully synthesized by a fungal
manganese biomineralization process for the first time (Li et al. 2016). Further
electrochemical tests showed that the carbonized fungal biomass-mineral electrode material had a fundamental specific capacitance in a supercapacitor and
a good cycling stability in a lithium-ion battery. Most importantly, the research
provided an advanced biotechnological method for the production of sustainable
bio-electrochemical materials.
Composite 1D nanowires have been rationally designed and synthesized by an
M13 virus-guidance process (Chen et al. 2014). Among the various types of representative organic templates for nanomaterial synthesis, M13 viruses have special
properties such as the genetic tunability of helically arranged primary coat proteins
and a high aspect ratio structure (diameter of approximately 6 nm and length of
approximately 880 nm. Three unique spinel oxide nanowires of Mn x Co 3-x O 4 (x = 0,
1, 2) were templated from the M13 virus by a two-step reaction. From the heterogeneous nanowires, three-dimensional bio-composite nanowires with a length of 1 μm
and a diameter of 50 nm were produced.
3.1.2.3 AAO Templating
Hierarchical manganese dioxide nanowire-nanofibril arrays have been fabricated
on an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template (Duay et al. 2013). A conformal
layer of manganese dioxide nanofibrils was evenly grown on the surface of
single manganese dioxide nanowires. The synthetic mechanism of the hierarchical
manganese dioxide nanostructures was characterized by electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), electrochemical measurements, electron microscopy, and Raman
spectroscopy. The charge storage mechanism of this complex nanomaterial was
investigated in different solvents at slow scan rates. In acetonitrile electrolyte, the
MnO 2 nanofibrils exhibited capacitance due to cation insertion, while in aqueous
electrolyte, the MnO 2 nanofibrils exhibited capacitance due to surface adsorption
and double-layer processes. Additionally, the MnO 2 nanofibrils exhibited controllable parameters including nanowire diameter, amount of nanofibril material, and
nanowire length.
3.1.2.4 MOFs Templating
Owing to metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) diverse compositional and structural
functionalities, which formed by supramolecular assembly of metal ions with organic