38
3 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials
the synthetic strategies for 1D core–shell nanorods templated by cellulose-g-(P4VPb-PtBA-b-PS). Figure 3.1g,h displays a representative SEM image of Au-Fe 3 O 4
core–shell nanorods with a Fe 3 O 4 shell thickness of approximately 4.6 nm (Pang
et al. 2016).
3.1.2.2 Biological Templating
In recent years, the bioinspired and biomimetic synthesis of nanostructures has drawn
increasing attention. Bio-nanotechnology is a facile strategy to manufacture different
metallic oxide nanomaterials with precise control over their morphology, crystal
structure, and chemical composition by means of natural bioassemblies and genetic
engineering. The biological templating includes bacillus subtilis/gram-positive
bacteria templating, tobacco mosaic virus templating, fungal biomineralization
templating, and M13 virus templating.
Bacteria templating is promising for the generation of various inorganic
micro/nanostructures, through the appropriate combination of typical chemical
techniques without rigorous genetic engineering (Shim et al. 2011). These
micro/nanostructures could possibly be used for the large-scale and facile production of functional micro/nanomaterials. A high-yield and simple biomineralization process using Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium, as a soft template
has been reported to produce Co 3 O 4 nanostructures. Figure 3.1i–l schematically
illustrates the Bacillus subtilis mediated biosynthetic process of the cobalt oxide
nanostructures. The insets depict the cross section of each sample. Rod-type cobalt
oxide was synthesized at room temperature via electrostatic interactions between
cobalt ions and surface structures of the bacteria in aqueous solution. Porous Co 3 O 4
hollow rods were prepared by successive heat treatment at 300 °C. Moreover, the
rods showed outstanding electrochemical performance and had a high surface area.
This inexpensive, environmentally friendly and facile synthetic method for metal
oxides with peculiar nanostructures can be used in a number of practical applications such as supercapacitors, catalysts, sensors, and batteries. Biomineralization is a
process utilized by organisms to produce composite structures composed of inorganic
and organic materials that usually show exceptional properties. Organic molecules,
including polysaccharides, peptides and proteins, indirectly guide nanocrystal growth
under different ambient conditions and ultimately determine the functional properties and morphology of the materials (BãUerlein 2003; Weiner et al. 2005). ZnO
nanowires with high surface-to-volume ratios are especially attractive (Atanasova
et al. 2011). The extraordinary rod-like morphology of the tobacco mosaic virus
(TMV) makes it an appropriate scaffold for the manufacture of 1D wire-like structures (Atanasova et al. 2011). Balci et al. successfully synthesized TMV nanorods
coated with ZnO and Pd by electroless deposition (Balci et al. 2009). Additionally,
these nanocomposites were applied in TMV-based biological and chemical sensing
applications, digital device memories, and energy storage devices (Ricky et al. 2006;
Nam et al. 2006). Atanasova et al. successfully synthesized TMV-ZnO nanowires by
a biotemplating mineralization process using a TMV template at low temperature.
3 Synthesis of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials
the synthetic strategies for 1D core–shell nanorods templated by cellulose-g-(P4VPb-PtBA-b-PS). Figure 3.1g,h displays a representative SEM image of Au-Fe 3 O 4
core–shell nanorods with a Fe 3 O 4 shell thickness of approximately 4.6 nm (Pang
et al. 2016).
3.1.2.2 Biological Templating
In recent years, the bioinspired and biomimetic synthesis of nanostructures has drawn
increasing attention. Bio-nanotechnology is a facile strategy to manufacture different
metallic oxide nanomaterials with precise control over their morphology, crystal
structure, and chemical composition by means of natural bioassemblies and genetic
engineering. The biological templating includes bacillus subtilis/gram-positive
bacteria templating, tobacco mosaic virus templating, fungal biomineralization
templating, and M13 virus templating.
Bacteria templating is promising for the generation of various inorganic
micro/nanostructures, through the appropriate combination of typical chemical
techniques without rigorous genetic engineering (Shim et al. 2011). These
micro/nanostructures could possibly be used for the large-scale and facile production of functional micro/nanomaterials. A high-yield and simple biomineralization process using Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium, as a soft template
has been reported to produce Co 3 O 4 nanostructures. Figure 3.1i–l schematically
illustrates the Bacillus subtilis mediated biosynthetic process of the cobalt oxide
nanostructures. The insets depict the cross section of each sample. Rod-type cobalt
oxide was synthesized at room temperature via electrostatic interactions between
cobalt ions and surface structures of the bacteria in aqueous solution. Porous Co 3 O 4
hollow rods were prepared by successive heat treatment at 300 °C. Moreover, the
rods showed outstanding electrochemical performance and had a high surface area.
This inexpensive, environmentally friendly and facile synthetic method for metal
oxides with peculiar nanostructures can be used in a number of practical applications such as supercapacitors, catalysts, sensors, and batteries. Biomineralization is a
process utilized by organisms to produce composite structures composed of inorganic
and organic materials that usually show exceptional properties. Organic molecules,
including polysaccharides, peptides and proteins, indirectly guide nanocrystal growth
under different ambient conditions and ultimately determine the functional properties and morphology of the materials (BãUerlein 2003; Weiner et al. 2005). ZnO
nanowires with high surface-to-volume ratios are especially attractive (Atanasova
et al. 2011). The extraordinary rod-like morphology of the tobacco mosaic virus
(TMV) makes it an appropriate scaffold for the manufacture of 1D wire-like structures (Atanasova et al. 2011). Balci et al. successfully synthesized TMV nanorods
coated with ZnO and Pd by electroless deposition (Balci et al. 2009). Additionally,
these nanocomposites were applied in TMV-based biological and chemical sensing
applications, digital device memories, and energy storage devices (Ricky et al. 2006;
Nam et al. 2006). Atanasova et al. successfully synthesized TMV-ZnO nanowires by
a biotemplating mineralization process using a TMV template at low temperature.