Semantic Internet of Things (IoT) Interoperability …
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and medical appliances, energy-conserving solutions, smart and intelligent transport
mechanisms, etc.
3 Semantic IoT Interoperability Terminologies
The Semantic IoT consists of three different components Information model, data
model, and ontology. The current IoT infrastructure is not interoperable with each
other in different environments. Every infrastructure has its own semantics to understand information, data, and knowledge on and off the web. The Web of Things (WoT)
uses the API to understand the system data and metadata. But these API does not
speak the same languages between different environments which creates the problem
of semantic IoT interoperability. Some standardized solutions like SDN, NFV, and
Cloud can be used to provide the semantic IoT interoperability.
Some of the file formats used in semantic IoT interoperability are as follows
XML, RDF, and JSON. XML: eXtensible Markup Language (XML) comes with an
XML schema for the representation of IoT data in the proper format. It may consist
of various types of nodes that are used for the storage of various types of attributes
related to IoT devices which can be used to provide semantic interoperability between
heterogeneous IoT devices. RDF: Resource Description Framework (RDF) comes
with RDF schema which is used for the representation of information related to
the connected devices in the IoT environment. RDF consists of triples i.e. subject,
predicate, and the object. RDF graph or RDF datasets are the collection of these
triples. JSON: JavaScript Object Notation is one of the data interchange format
similar to the XML. XML is an older format as compared to JSON. It tries to get
the features of the object. Some works have been proposed by some authors for
proposing JSON schema. But it has not come as a standard yet.
Some languages which are used for the implementation of semantic interoperability Ontology: Ontology is used for the conversion of structured information
crested by heterogeneous IoT devices into machine-understandable form. “Representation of a shared conceptualization of a particular domain” is the general definition for Ontologies. The four main components of Ontology are Classes, attributes,
individuals, and relations. For defining more specific concepts of the domain, a Class
and its one or more subclasses are used. With the help of their attributes, properties,
and characteristics of Classes and subclasses are represented. Individuals are the
instances of classes or their properties. Finally, relations are used for connection
with the edges and all the presented components. Few of the ontology languages
are OWL (Web Ontology Language), DAML (DARPA Agent Markup Language),
and OIL (Ontology Interference Layer). Web Ontology Language (OWL): It is the
mechanism used for the representation of knowledge gained from the concepts of
the ontology. The knowledge may be generated by RDF/XML. NoSQL databases:
NoSQL databases term is used commonly used in too many implementations. These
include multi-paradigm, graph, document, object, triple store, key-value, and other
types of databases. Need good semantic IoT interoperability solutions for it since
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and medical appliances, energy-conserving solutions, smart and intelligent transport
mechanisms, etc.
3 Semantic IoT Interoperability Terminologies
The Semantic IoT consists of three different components Information model, data
model, and ontology. The current IoT infrastructure is not interoperable with each
other in different environments. Every infrastructure has its own semantics to understand information, data, and knowledge on and off the web. The Web of Things (WoT)
uses the API to understand the system data and metadata. But these API does not
speak the same languages between different environments which creates the problem
of semantic IoT interoperability. Some standardized solutions like SDN, NFV, and
Cloud can be used to provide the semantic IoT interoperability.
Some of the file formats used in semantic IoT interoperability are as follows
XML, RDF, and JSON. XML: eXtensible Markup Language (XML) comes with an
XML schema for the representation of IoT data in the proper format. It may consist
of various types of nodes that are used for the storage of various types of attributes
related to IoT devices which can be used to provide semantic interoperability between
heterogeneous IoT devices. RDF: Resource Description Framework (RDF) comes
with RDF schema which is used for the representation of information related to
the connected devices in the IoT environment. RDF consists of triples i.e. subject,
predicate, and the object. RDF graph or RDF datasets are the collection of these
triples. JSON: JavaScript Object Notation is one of the data interchange format
similar to the XML. XML is an older format as compared to JSON. It tries to get
the features of the object. Some works have been proposed by some authors for
proposing JSON schema. But it has not come as a standard yet.
Some languages which are used for the implementation of semantic interoperability Ontology: Ontology is used for the conversion of structured information
crested by heterogeneous IoT devices into machine-understandable form. “Representation of a shared conceptualization of a particular domain” is the general definition for Ontologies. The four main components of Ontology are Classes, attributes,
individuals, and relations. For defining more specific concepts of the domain, a Class
and its one or more subclasses are used. With the help of their attributes, properties,
and characteristics of Classes and subclasses are represented. Individuals are the
instances of classes or their properties. Finally, relations are used for connection
with the edges and all the presented components. Few of the ontology languages
are OWL (Web Ontology Language), DAML (DARPA Agent Markup Language),
and OIL (Ontology Interference Layer). Web Ontology Language (OWL): It is the
mechanism used for the representation of knowledge gained from the concepts of
the ontology. The knowledge may be generated by RDF/XML. NoSQL databases:
NoSQL databases term is used commonly used in too many implementations. These
include multi-paradigm, graph, document, object, triple store, key-value, and other
types of databases. Need good semantic IoT interoperability solutions for it since