Contents
1 Introduction: Political Dimensions of the Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Rescuing the Social Pillar of Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Environmental Crises and the Rise of the Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1.3 The Political Ecology of the Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.3.1 Ecological Modernization and Its Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.3.2 Political Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.3 Objectives & Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 A Focus on Emerging Democracies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Book Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Part I Biomass Sustainability and the Emergence of a
Bioeconomy World
2 The Contested Sustainability of Biofuels in a North-South
Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Early Bioeconomy Contestations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 The Nature of Biofuels, Technologies, and Production
Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1 From Traditional to Modern Biofuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Modern Fuel Uses of Solid Biomass: Pyrolysis
and Electricity Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels: Methane and Synthesis Gas . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.4 Liquid Biofuels: Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.5 Liquid Biofuels: Biodiesel (FAME and HVO) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.6 Liquid Biofuels: Aviation Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Biofuels and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.1 Climate Change Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.2 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.3 Land Use and Biodiversity Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.4 Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4 Socio-Economic Issues and North-South Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vii
1 Introduction: Political Dimensions of the Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Rescuing the Social Pillar of Sustainable Development . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Environmental Crises and the Rise of the Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1.3 The Political Ecology of the Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.3.1 Ecological Modernization and Its Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
1.3.2 Political Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.3 Objectives & Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 A Focus on Emerging Democracies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Book Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Part I Biomass Sustainability and the Emergence of a
Bioeconomy World
2 The Contested Sustainability of Biofuels in a North-South
Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Early Bioeconomy Contestations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 The Nature of Biofuels, Technologies, and Production
Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1 From Traditional to Modern Biofuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Modern Fuel Uses of Solid Biomass: Pyrolysis
and Electricity Cogeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels: Methane and Synthesis Gas . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.4 Liquid Biofuels: Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.5 Liquid Biofuels: Biodiesel (FAME and HVO) . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.6 Liquid Biofuels: Aviation Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Biofuels and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.1 Climate Change Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.2 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.3 Land Use and Biodiversity Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.4 Water Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4 Socio-Economic Issues and North-South Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
vii