15.6.1 Molecular Biology Tools in Advancement of Bioremediation
of Pollutants
15.6.1.1 16S rRNA Technique and Bioremediation
Based on molecular techniques, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis helps in
separating 16S rRNA genes in polyacrylamide gel through a linear degree of
temperature or of DNA denaturant which is formed by mixing of formamide and
urea. The basic benefit of this approach, i.e. it generates an outline of the complete
diversity of a community of the microbes by separation of a mixture of the populace
of 16S rRNA gene products (Pandey et al. 2009). In some instances, one of the
surprising applications of this approach in bioremediation is that finding; microbes
that dominate biodegradation have closely resembled organisms that may be isolated
and cultured from subsurface environments. Apart from this, one of the primary
limitations of this approach is the knowledge about the phylogeny of the microbes
associated with biodegradation of the pollutants does not surely predict various vital
physiological features of the organism. For instance, microbes with 16S rRNA
sequences of TCE-degrader D. ethanogenes may vary in chlorinated substances
which can be degraded by it, and the prediction of compounds uncultured organism
will decay might not be evident by analysing only 16S rRNA sequence of the
microbe studied (Coelho et al. 2015).
15.6.2 Omnics-Based Advancements in Bioremediation of Pollutants
15.6.2.1 Metagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, Proteomics
and Bioremediation
The genome of an organism composed of a complete set of genes that inherits
information and converted to mRNA, followed by protein translation, whereas,
Proteome is defined as the complete set of proteins, which include enzymes
expressed in the living organism only under particulate environment conditions.
The genomic sequence of many microbes is now accessible to be utilized for the
organization of genome, while ecogenomics techniques could be utilized to identify
polluted regions and monitor the process of bioremediation (Gillespie and Philp
2013). Application of genomics in the context of understanding microbes mediated
biodegradation provides an aspect of the genes that are related to the susceptibility of
microorganisms against harmful compounds in the soil not only biochemical-based
factors but also molecular levels which are related to the mechanism (Dixit et al.
2015).
Metagenomics is considered by microbiologists as a very important and potent
tool by which can be used to explain how genes are arranged in the microbes that are
inhabiting in any kind environment and shows better degradation results in comparison to other approaches of bioremediation for the eradication of contaminants from
the surrounding environment. However, metagenomics provides limited functions to
explain the expression of the gene and its activity. Metagenomics, with a combination of rDNA techniques, has transformed the microbial world by focusing on the
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G. Kaur et al.
of Pollutants
15.6.1.1 16S rRNA Technique and Bioremediation
Based on molecular techniques, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis helps in
separating 16S rRNA genes in polyacrylamide gel through a linear degree of
temperature or of DNA denaturant which is formed by mixing of formamide and
urea. The basic benefit of this approach, i.e. it generates an outline of the complete
diversity of a community of the microbes by separation of a mixture of the populace
of 16S rRNA gene products (Pandey et al. 2009). In some instances, one of the
surprising applications of this approach in bioremediation is that finding; microbes
that dominate biodegradation have closely resembled organisms that may be isolated
and cultured from subsurface environments. Apart from this, one of the primary
limitations of this approach is the knowledge about the phylogeny of the microbes
associated with biodegradation of the pollutants does not surely predict various vital
physiological features of the organism. For instance, microbes with 16S rRNA
sequences of TCE-degrader D. ethanogenes may vary in chlorinated substances
which can be degraded by it, and the prediction of compounds uncultured organism
will decay might not be evident by analysing only 16S rRNA sequence of the
microbe studied (Coelho et al. 2015).
15.6.2 Omnics-Based Advancements in Bioremediation of Pollutants
15.6.2.1 Metagenomics, Metatranscriptomics, Proteomics
and Bioremediation
The genome of an organism composed of a complete set of genes that inherits
information and converted to mRNA, followed by protein translation, whereas,
Proteome is defined as the complete set of proteins, which include enzymes
expressed in the living organism only under particulate environment conditions.
The genomic sequence of many microbes is now accessible to be utilized for the
organization of genome, while ecogenomics techniques could be utilized to identify
polluted regions and monitor the process of bioremediation (Gillespie and Philp
2013). Application of genomics in the context of understanding microbes mediated
biodegradation provides an aspect of the genes that are related to the susceptibility of
microorganisms against harmful compounds in the soil not only biochemical-based
factors but also molecular levels which are related to the mechanism (Dixit et al.
2015).
Metagenomics is considered by microbiologists as a very important and potent
tool by which can be used to explain how genes are arranged in the microbes that are
inhabiting in any kind environment and shows better degradation results in comparison to other approaches of bioremediation for the eradication of contaminants from
the surrounding environment. However, metagenomics provides limited functions to
explain the expression of the gene and its activity. Metagenomics, with a combination of rDNA techniques, has transformed the microbial world by focusing on the
444
G. Kaur et al.