because strain B3 of M. huakuii sub spp. Rengei forms a symbiotic relationship with
a nitrogen-fixing legume called Astragalus sinicus. It has been reported that a wellcharacterized model of a methanotrophic organism Methylococcus capsulatus is
capable to biodegrade chromium Cr (VI) pollution over a broad range of concentration present in the pollutant (Singh et al. 2011). Deinococcus radiodurans is the
organism resistant to radiations yet known which was engineered genetically to
express an E. coli enzyme that can transform toxic ionic form of mercury to a less
harmful form and a Pseudomonas spp. of an enzyme that helps in the breakdown of
toluene (Panigrahi et al. 2005). In addition to this, recent advances of rDNA
technologies have brought a revolution for formulating “suicidal genetically
engineered microorganisms” to reduce anticipated dangers as well as to accomplish
effective and safer clearing of highly polluted sites. The main concern is to build
GEMs with an adequate degree of environmental certainty and protection (Joutey
et al. 2013).
However, many modern reliable techniques of rDNA particularly genetic engineering, transcriptomics, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics and interactomics are
promising modes to study the processes which are involved in the regulation of
degradation ways of the pollutants (Kumavath and Deverapalli 2013; Malla et al.
2018). Apart from this, a wide range of genomic technologies such as biosensors and
community profiling methods are accessible that can act “eco-genomics”, to improve
biodegradation on a wider scale (Gillespie and Philp 2013). The rate at which the
pollutants are detoxified using GEMs depends on factors mentioned below such as:
(a) The actual composition of microbial communities present on site.
(b) Nature of the communities of microbes.
(c) The extent on which pollutant is present.
(d) Conditions of the environment during the process.
Thus, the process for optimizing the biodegradation process requires a combination
of many complex variables, to foretell the fate of contaminants present in the
environment. The utilization of omics approaches for the functional and taxonomic
features of the community of microbes from polluted regions has led to the invention
of a few newer bacteria which were not obtainable by the usage of conventional
techniques. In recent times, higher-output omics tools are engaged to exploit the
systemic biology of the consortium of microbes in different environments. However,
implementing these biodegradation methods successfully needs elaborative knowledge and key insights of the factors which deal metabolism, growth, dynamics,
structure and functions of the indigenous consortia of microbes present on the sites
of pollution (Malla et al. 2018). Following are the methods involved in these
molecular biology and omics approaches involved in the improvement of the field
bioremediation:
15 The Role of Microorganisms in Remediation of Environmental Contaminants
443
a nitrogen-fixing legume called Astragalus sinicus. It has been reported that a wellcharacterized model of a methanotrophic organism Methylococcus capsulatus is
capable to biodegrade chromium Cr (VI) pollution over a broad range of concentration present in the pollutant (Singh et al. 2011). Deinococcus radiodurans is the
organism resistant to radiations yet known which was engineered genetically to
express an E. coli enzyme that can transform toxic ionic form of mercury to a less
harmful form and a Pseudomonas spp. of an enzyme that helps in the breakdown of
toluene (Panigrahi et al. 2005). In addition to this, recent advances of rDNA
technologies have brought a revolution for formulating “suicidal genetically
engineered microorganisms” to reduce anticipated dangers as well as to accomplish
effective and safer clearing of highly polluted sites. The main concern is to build
GEMs with an adequate degree of environmental certainty and protection (Joutey
et al. 2013).
However, many modern reliable techniques of rDNA particularly genetic engineering, transcriptomics, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics and interactomics are
promising modes to study the processes which are involved in the regulation of
degradation ways of the pollutants (Kumavath and Deverapalli 2013; Malla et al.
2018). Apart from this, a wide range of genomic technologies such as biosensors and
community profiling methods are accessible that can act “eco-genomics”, to improve
biodegradation on a wider scale (Gillespie and Philp 2013). The rate at which the
pollutants are detoxified using GEMs depends on factors mentioned below such as:
(a) The actual composition of microbial communities present on site.
(b) Nature of the communities of microbes.
(c) The extent on which pollutant is present.
(d) Conditions of the environment during the process.
Thus, the process for optimizing the biodegradation process requires a combination
of many complex variables, to foretell the fate of contaminants present in the
environment. The utilization of omics approaches for the functional and taxonomic
features of the community of microbes from polluted regions has led to the invention
of a few newer bacteria which were not obtainable by the usage of conventional
techniques. In recent times, higher-output omics tools are engaged to exploit the
systemic biology of the consortium of microbes in different environments. However,
implementing these biodegradation methods successfully needs elaborative knowledge and key insights of the factors which deal metabolism, growth, dynamics,
structure and functions of the indigenous consortia of microbes present on the sites
of pollution (Malla et al. 2018). Following are the methods involved in these
molecular biology and omics approaches involved in the improvement of the field
bioremediation:
15 The Role of Microorganisms in Remediation of Environmental Contaminants
443