H. rhamnoides, have shown good results in all cases. They also contributed to the
improvement of soil material in the waste dumps in relatively short time and
stimulated the growth of other wood species when mixed with them. Among the
other forest species used on the heaps were good or satisfactory results: pines,
especially scots Pinus sylvestris, on mining and industrial dumpsters with coarse
and sandy deposits, with a pH below 7, and P. nigra on the hills limestone or clayey
with pH above 7; poplars, especially Populus alba and Populus tremula; and the
willows (S. alba, Salix caprea, Salix incana, etc.).
On dumps consisting of sandy deposits, wetter or irrigation areas; can be planted
the Fraxinus excelsior, Acer, Cerasus avium, Ulmus and Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
Acer tataricum and others, on the dumps with some more favorable stationary
conditions or on which a layer of fertile soil has been deposited; can be planted
oak and red oak (Q. robur and Q. borealis) on dumps with the best soil conditions;
can be planted Betula verrucosa, Ailanthus altissima, Acer negundo, Fraxinus
ornus, etc.
In dumps with more difficult stationary conditions (birch in wetlands on acidic
dumps, and other species on dumps in warmer and drier areas – especially
mojdrean), Ligustrum vulgare, Cornus sanguinea, and other shrubs, on different
types of dumps, mixed with the species mentioned above (Solis-Gabriel et al. 2017).
Afforestation of Heaps The analysis of the situation of some waste dumps led to
the conclusion that for the characterization of the stationary hulls and the classification of the waste dumps, the following factors have to be taken into account:
The general physico-climatic conditions, with the distinction of the following series
of dumpster types: heaps from the plains and hillsides, steppe, and silverside;
heaps in hilly regions of the oak and oak subareas; and heaps of mountainous
areas in the subareas of beech and spruce
The origin of the component material, distinguishing: mining waste dumps, industrial waste dumps, household waste dumps, etc.
Characteristics of landfills in heaps, distinguishing: heaps from coarse rock
fragments (gravel, stones, boulders with or without fine material) and fine rock
dumps (sand, dust); heaps of very fine clay (clay) from ashes, slags, slag
waste dumps
Other factors, such as rock petrography and mineralogical composition, pH, the
presence of soluble salts and/or toxic compounds, and the microrelief configuration of the dumps (waves or mounds, platforms, ponds), are added to these. All
these will be the basis for designing and applying differentiated technical
solutions for the stabilization and afforestation of the waste dumps. Using some
of these features, we have made a stationary classification of the heaps, from
which we extract some types of resorts (Bourret et al. 2009).
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
115
improvement of soil material in the waste dumps in relatively short time and
stimulated the growth of other wood species when mixed with them. Among the
other forest species used on the heaps were good or satisfactory results: pines,
especially scots Pinus sylvestris, on mining and industrial dumpsters with coarse
and sandy deposits, with a pH below 7, and P. nigra on the hills limestone or clayey
with pH above 7; poplars, especially Populus alba and Populus tremula; and the
willows (S. alba, Salix caprea, Salix incana, etc.).
On dumps consisting of sandy deposits, wetter or irrigation areas; can be planted
the Fraxinus excelsior, Acer, Cerasus avium, Ulmus and Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
Acer tataricum and others, on the dumps with some more favorable stationary
conditions or on which a layer of fertile soil has been deposited; can be planted
oak and red oak (Q. robur and Q. borealis) on dumps with the best soil conditions;
can be planted Betula verrucosa, Ailanthus altissima, Acer negundo, Fraxinus
ornus, etc.
In dumps with more difficult stationary conditions (birch in wetlands on acidic
dumps, and other species on dumps in warmer and drier areas – especially
mojdrean), Ligustrum vulgare, Cornus sanguinea, and other shrubs, on different
types of dumps, mixed with the species mentioned above (Solis-Gabriel et al. 2017).
Afforestation of Heaps The analysis of the situation of some waste dumps led to
the conclusion that for the characterization of the stationary hulls and the classification of the waste dumps, the following factors have to be taken into account:
The general physico-climatic conditions, with the distinction of the following series
of dumpster types: heaps from the plains and hillsides, steppe, and silverside;
heaps in hilly regions of the oak and oak subareas; and heaps of mountainous
areas in the subareas of beech and spruce
The origin of the component material, distinguishing: mining waste dumps, industrial waste dumps, household waste dumps, etc.
Characteristics of landfills in heaps, distinguishing: heaps from coarse rock
fragments (gravel, stones, boulders with or without fine material) and fine rock
dumps (sand, dust); heaps of very fine clay (clay) from ashes, slags, slag
waste dumps
Other factors, such as rock petrography and mineralogical composition, pH, the
presence of soluble salts and/or toxic compounds, and the microrelief configuration of the dumps (waves or mounds, platforms, ponds), are added to these. All
these will be the basis for designing and applying differentiated technical
solutions for the stabilization and afforestation of the waste dumps. Using some
of these features, we have made a stationary classification of the heaps, from
which we extract some types of resorts (Bourret et al. 2009).
4 Advanced Technologies for Ecological Reconstruction and Bioremediation of. . .
115