the one-dimensional nanowires of the same material contact better with polluted
water during its flow in the photoreactor, consequently leading to much improved
photodegradation efficiency. Significantly, the porous network structured
photoreactor permits wastewater to flow quickly through it. The throughput can
reach up to 9600 L/h/m
2 , significantly better than other similar photoreactors
containing microfluid.
Nguyen and co-workers reported the formation of melamine foam framed
graphene composite foams through the simple dip-coating approach (Nguyen et al.
2012). The designed foams with stable matrix possess the superoleophilicity and
superhydrophobicity of grapheme in addition to their well advantageous intrinsic
porous structure. The designed composite foam has high capacity of adsorption,
better selectivity, and remarkable reusability. Similarly, another research group
fabricated the reduced grapheme oxide-functionalized foam via heat-assisted reduction of grapheme oxide on the backbone of melamine foam(Zhu et al. 2015a). Their
design strategy is simple and economic, and the clean-up performance is much
higher; therefore it functions as a model absorbent for wastewaterremediation.
18.3.5 Composite Materials Containing Cellulose
Cellulose is a biodegradable, non-toxic, environment-friendly, chemically stable,
and inexhaustible material, which is generally employed as matrix to fabricate
adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater via heavy metal and organic dye removal.
For instance, Yao et al. constructed a composite adsorbent composed of cellulose
and acrylamide or acrylic acid to remove Ni
2+ ions from polluted water (Liao et al.
2016). Because of the presence of a large number of surface-exposed functional
groups (such as hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups), it manifests higher
performance. Grishkewich and co-workers fabricated a composite of cellulose and
alginate hydrogel to remove synthetic dyes from wastewater (Grishkewich et al.
2017). The alginate hydrogel being ionic in nature endows this composite with
superior adsorption properties, as evidenced through the adsorption of methylene
blue. Furthermore, the cellulose intrinsic features such as high surface area, porosity,
and stability further improved the adsorption efficiency and reusability. It showed
about 99% of methylene blue removal and can be reused with the same efficiency till
five consecutive adsorption–desorption tests. Gupta and co-workers demonstrated
superior photocatalytic activity of tin(IV)phosphate in degradation of methylene
blue in aqueous solution under sunlight. (Gupta et al. 2015). Because of higher
ion-exchange capability and improved photocatalytic performance of the tin
(IV) phosphate component, the composite concurrently absorbed and degraded
methylene blue dye in the presence of sunlight.
18 Nanomaterials for Textile Waste Treatment
677
water during its flow in the photoreactor, consequently leading to much improved
photodegradation efficiency. Significantly, the porous network structured
photoreactor permits wastewater to flow quickly through it. The throughput can
reach up to 9600 L/h/m
2 , significantly better than other similar photoreactors
containing microfluid.
Nguyen and co-workers reported the formation of melamine foam framed
graphene composite foams through the simple dip-coating approach (Nguyen et al.
2012). The designed foams with stable matrix possess the superoleophilicity and
superhydrophobicity of grapheme in addition to their well advantageous intrinsic
porous structure. The designed composite foam has high capacity of adsorption,
better selectivity, and remarkable reusability. Similarly, another research group
fabricated the reduced grapheme oxide-functionalized foam via heat-assisted reduction of grapheme oxide on the backbone of melamine foam(Zhu et al. 2015a). Their
design strategy is simple and economic, and the clean-up performance is much
higher; therefore it functions as a model absorbent for wastewaterremediation.
18.3.5 Composite Materials Containing Cellulose
Cellulose is a biodegradable, non-toxic, environment-friendly, chemically stable,
and inexhaustible material, which is generally employed as matrix to fabricate
adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater via heavy metal and organic dye removal.
For instance, Yao et al. constructed a composite adsorbent composed of cellulose
and acrylamide or acrylic acid to remove Ni
2+ ions from polluted water (Liao et al.
2016). Because of the presence of a large number of surface-exposed functional
groups (such as hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups), it manifests higher
performance. Grishkewich and co-workers fabricated a composite of cellulose and
alginate hydrogel to remove synthetic dyes from wastewater (Grishkewich et al.
2017). The alginate hydrogel being ionic in nature endows this composite with
superior adsorption properties, as evidenced through the adsorption of methylene
blue. Furthermore, the cellulose intrinsic features such as high surface area, porosity,
and stability further improved the adsorption efficiency and reusability. It showed
about 99% of methylene blue removal and can be reused with the same efficiency till
five consecutive adsorption–desorption tests. Gupta and co-workers demonstrated
superior photocatalytic activity of tin(IV)phosphate in degradation of methylene
blue in aqueous solution under sunlight. (Gupta et al. 2015). Because of higher
ion-exchange capability and improved photocatalytic performance of the tin
(IV) phosphate component, the composite concurrently absorbed and degraded
methylene blue dye in the presence of sunlight.
18 Nanomaterials for Textile Waste Treatment
677