ozonation, evaporation, electrochemical oxidation, phytoremediation, flocculation,
photochemical degradation, and crystallization. However, the emergence of secondary pollutant in the water as a result of the treatment, as well as the limitations in both
space and time, has limited their use for environmental remediation (Crini and
Lichtfouse 2019). Therefore, effective and efficient methodologies to treat these
wastewaters are still being developed.
During the last decades, micro and nanomaterials have been extensively investigated and found to possess great potential for environmental remediation owing to
their remarkable chemical and physical characteristics, such as large surface area,
superwetting, and photocatalytic behavior. For example, adsorbent materials
(Madhura et al. 2019) constructed via modification of cost-effective, commercially
available materials, such as inorganic nanomaterials (Crini et al. 2019), melamine
and cellulose foam, polyurethane sponge, and several carbon-based materials, have
been used for the removal of dyes and other organic solvents from wastewater(Jang
et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2015; Zhu et al. 2015b; Zhu et al. 2015c). The use of several
photocatalytically active materials are further extended for the treatment of wastewater for environmental remediation, for instance, few conventional semiconducting
materials, such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and CdS, can photodegrade synthetic dyes used in
textile industries for coloring purpose and make the wastewater clean (Akram et al.
2018). Moreover, new novel multifunctional composite materials have also been
designed to treat wastewater. Such composite materials with multifunctional properties can be prepared by combining different nanomaterials having distinct functions or immobilizing them on substrate materials. Such composites are established
to have superior performance than individual material. Here, we aim to present an
overview of the application of various nanomaterials either alone or in the composite
form to treat textile effluents via adsorption or photodegradation.
18.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials as Sorbents
With the advancement in the field of nanotechnology during the last decades, a
diverse range of inorganic nano- or micromaterials have been extensively used for
environmental remediation. Such materials possess large specific surface areas and
function as excellent sorbents and photocatalysts for wastewater treatment
(Dsikowitzky and Schwarzbauer 2014). The higher surface to volume ratio of
these materials can significantly enhance their adsorption capacities. Several inorganic nanomaterials with higher redox potential and photocatalytic performance can
also be used to degrade wastewatercontaminants. Few representative examples of
sorbent materials are discussed below.
18 Nanomaterials for Textile Waste Treatment
665
photochemical degradation, and crystallization. However, the emergence of secondary pollutant in the water as a result of the treatment, as well as the limitations in both
space and time, has limited their use for environmental remediation (Crini and
Lichtfouse 2019). Therefore, effective and efficient methodologies to treat these
wastewaters are still being developed.
During the last decades, micro and nanomaterials have been extensively investigated and found to possess great potential for environmental remediation owing to
their remarkable chemical and physical characteristics, such as large surface area,
superwetting, and photocatalytic behavior. For example, adsorbent materials
(Madhura et al. 2019) constructed via modification of cost-effective, commercially
available materials, such as inorganic nanomaterials (Crini et al. 2019), melamine
and cellulose foam, polyurethane sponge, and several carbon-based materials, have
been used for the removal of dyes and other organic solvents from wastewater(Jang
et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2015; Zhu et al. 2015b; Zhu et al. 2015c). The use of several
photocatalytically active materials are further extended for the treatment of wastewater for environmental remediation, for instance, few conventional semiconducting
materials, such as TiO 2 , ZnO, and CdS, can photodegrade synthetic dyes used in
textile industries for coloring purpose and make the wastewater clean (Akram et al.
2018). Moreover, new novel multifunctional composite materials have also been
designed to treat wastewater. Such composite materials with multifunctional properties can be prepared by combining different nanomaterials having distinct functions or immobilizing them on substrate materials. Such composites are established
to have superior performance than individual material. Here, we aim to present an
overview of the application of various nanomaterials either alone or in the composite
form to treat textile effluents via adsorption or photodegradation.
18.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials as Sorbents
With the advancement in the field of nanotechnology during the last decades, a
diverse range of inorganic nano- or micromaterials have been extensively used for
environmental remediation. Such materials possess large specific surface areas and
function as excellent sorbents and photocatalysts for wastewater treatment
(Dsikowitzky and Schwarzbauer 2014). The higher surface to volume ratio of
these materials can significantly enhance their adsorption capacities. Several inorganic nanomaterials with higher redox potential and photocatalytic performance can
also be used to degrade wastewatercontaminants. Few representative examples of
sorbent materials are discussed below.
18 Nanomaterials for Textile Waste Treatment
665