reductase and laccase (Brüschweiler and Merlot 2017). The researchers have mainly
focused on investigating the capability of textile effluent-adapted bacteria to cause
biodegradation of dyes, effects and bioremediation of secondary metabolites generated from bacterial reactions, and use of bacterial isolations from industrial wastewater and drains as low-cost dye biodegradation raw materials (Alalewi and Jiang
2012).
Removal of Orange 3R was carried out by Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp.
which showed maximum dye decolorization of 89% under optimized conditions
(Ponraj et al. 2011). There are a large number of reports on extensive microbial
screening to discover more efficient dye decolorizing strains. In a comprehensive
study, about 200 pre-concentrated bacterial isolates were evaluated for capability to
eliminate remazol black-B azo dye from the solution. Out of 200, 5 most efficient
bacterial isolates with more than 75% decolorizing efficiency were selected for
experimentation on modified mineral salt medium. Of which, one isolate completely
removed the remazol black-B (100 mg L
À1 ) from solution in less than a day at
neutral pH and 35
C using yeast extract as carbon source (Mahmood et al. 2011).
Two purified bacterial isolations Comamonas acidovorans and Burkholderia
cepacia were identified as the most potent decolorizers for 4 and Direct Blue
75 (Alalewi and Jiang 2012). Many studies compared the decolorizing potential of
various bacteria. Bacillus sp., E. coli, and P. fluorescens isolated from soil contaminated by textile wastewater were tested for decolorization of Reactive Orange M2R.
The results revealed that all three bacteria decolorized P. fluorescens effectively with
highest efficiency followed by Bacillus and Escherichia coli (Sriram et al. 2013). A
bacterial strain, Staphylococcus hominis RMLRT03, was isolated from soil affected
by textile effluent for decolorization of textile dye acid orange in Bushnell and Haas
medium which amended the mentioned dye. The bacterial strain produced good
results at incubation for 2 1/2 days at neutral pH and 35
C with glucose and yeast
extract as co-substrate. The tolerance of acid orange was found to be as high as
600 mg L
À1 (Singh et al. 2014).
The bioflocculant-producing bacteria have been extracted from activated sludge
to decolorize whale, mediblue, fawn, and mixed dye. Decolorization rate of bacteria,
namely, B. subtilis, E. acetylicum, K. terrigena, S. aureus, P. pseudoalcaligenes, and
P. plecoglossicida was found to be in the range of 80 to 97% (Buthelezi et al. 2012).
The use of marine-derived bacteria has also been suggested since such bacteria
possess a higher tolerance to the extreme conditions which may be useful in the
treatment of industrial effluents. In a study, around 60 bacterial isolates from
seawater sediment and saline soil were subjected to a mineral salt medium
containing dyes. Two of the study isolates P. alimentarius and S. equorum efficiently
decolorized reactive (black 5, blue BRS, Golden Ovifix) dyes from solution at salt
concentration 0–100 g NaCl L
À1 (Khalid et al. 2012). Table 17.3 enlists notable
bacteria isolates and dyes which mentioned bacterial isolates are capable to
decolorize.
The use of bacterial isolates produces reliable and reproducible data which
ensures convenient interpretation of experiments. Nevertheless, microbial consortia
carry additional benefits in contrast to the individual isolates for dye degradation and
636
R. S. Ashraf et al.
focused on investigating the capability of textile effluent-adapted bacteria to cause
biodegradation of dyes, effects and bioremediation of secondary metabolites generated from bacterial reactions, and use of bacterial isolations from industrial wastewater and drains as low-cost dye biodegradation raw materials (Alalewi and Jiang
2012).
Removal of Orange 3R was carried out by Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp.
which showed maximum dye decolorization of 89% under optimized conditions
(Ponraj et al. 2011). There are a large number of reports on extensive microbial
screening to discover more efficient dye decolorizing strains. In a comprehensive
study, about 200 pre-concentrated bacterial isolates were evaluated for capability to
eliminate remazol black-B azo dye from the solution. Out of 200, 5 most efficient
bacterial isolates with more than 75% decolorizing efficiency were selected for
experimentation on modified mineral salt medium. Of which, one isolate completely
removed the remazol black-B (100 mg L
À1 ) from solution in less than a day at
neutral pH and 35
C using yeast extract as carbon source (Mahmood et al. 2011).
Two purified bacterial isolations Comamonas acidovorans and Burkholderia
cepacia were identified as the most potent decolorizers for 4 and Direct Blue
75 (Alalewi and Jiang 2012). Many studies compared the decolorizing potential of
various bacteria. Bacillus sp., E. coli, and P. fluorescens isolated from soil contaminated by textile wastewater were tested for decolorization of Reactive Orange M2R.
The results revealed that all three bacteria decolorized P. fluorescens effectively with
highest efficiency followed by Bacillus and Escherichia coli (Sriram et al. 2013). A
bacterial strain, Staphylococcus hominis RMLRT03, was isolated from soil affected
by textile effluent for decolorization of textile dye acid orange in Bushnell and Haas
medium which amended the mentioned dye. The bacterial strain produced good
results at incubation for 2 1/2 days at neutral pH and 35
C with glucose and yeast
extract as co-substrate. The tolerance of acid orange was found to be as high as
600 mg L
À1 (Singh et al. 2014).
The bioflocculant-producing bacteria have been extracted from activated sludge
to decolorize whale, mediblue, fawn, and mixed dye. Decolorization rate of bacteria,
namely, B. subtilis, E. acetylicum, K. terrigena, S. aureus, P. pseudoalcaligenes, and
P. plecoglossicida was found to be in the range of 80 to 97% (Buthelezi et al. 2012).
The use of marine-derived bacteria has also been suggested since such bacteria
possess a higher tolerance to the extreme conditions which may be useful in the
treatment of industrial effluents. In a study, around 60 bacterial isolates from
seawater sediment and saline soil were subjected to a mineral salt medium
containing dyes. Two of the study isolates P. alimentarius and S. equorum efficiently
decolorized reactive (black 5, blue BRS, Golden Ovifix) dyes from solution at salt
concentration 0–100 g NaCl L
À1 (Khalid et al. 2012). Table 17.3 enlists notable
bacteria isolates and dyes which mentioned bacterial isolates are capable to
decolorize.
The use of bacterial isolates produces reliable and reproducible data which
ensures convenient interpretation of experiments. Nevertheless, microbial consortia
carry additional benefits in contrast to the individual isolates for dye degradation and
636
R. S. Ashraf et al.