to soak all laboratory glassware used in the experiment for at least 30 min and then
rinsed with n-hexane, and finally dried at 120
C for at least 4 h before use. The
organic solvents used have to be treated with aluminum oxide before use (Luo et al.
2012). Furthermore, phthalates free gloves and pipette tips were employed during
the experiment (Santana-Mayor et al. 2018).
15.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
In recent years, many novel analytical methods for phthalates in water sample have
continuously emerged. In order to concentrate trace level of phthalates in water
samples, pretreatment methods, such as liquid–liquid microextraction and solidphase extraction and their derivative techniques, including dispersive liquid–liquid
microextraction, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, solidified floating
organic drop microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction, are mostly
used. The commonly used separation and detection methods are gas chromatography
with flame ionization detection, gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry,
high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet or diode array detection, and
ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Researchers
have developed numerous new adsorption materials for the concentration of trace
phthalates in water samples. Some of these adsorption materials have good specificity and higher enrichment factors. Besides, other new adsorption materials, such
as carbon nanotubes/magnetic carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and electrospun
nanofibers, have been increasingly obtained attention, because they are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, cheap, and easily available. However, the current analytical
methods seldom cover all the possible phthalates that occur in the different water
matrices. In the future, in addition to the highly sensitive gas and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometers, it is also necessary to
develop new analytical techniques that are rapid, sensitive, accurate, or capable of
on-line or on-site detection, such as various biosensors, micro-total analysis system,
surface-enhanced Raman scattering device, and surface plasmon resonance system.
These techniques have potential applications in phthalates analysis in water, especially in real-time or on-site analysis.
References
Amanzadeh H, Yamini Y, Moradi M, Asl Y (2016) Determination of phthalate esters in drinking
water and edible vegetable oil samples by headspace solid phase microextraction using
graphene/polyvinylchloride nanocomposite coated fiber coupled to gas chromatography-flame
ionization detector. J Chromatogr A 1465:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.068
Bandforuzi S, Hadjmohammadi M (2018) Application of non-ionic surfactant as a developed
method for the enhancement of two-phase solvent bar microextraction for the simultaneous
568
C. Sun et al.
rinsed with n-hexane, and finally dried at 120
C for at least 4 h before use. The
organic solvents used have to be treated with aluminum oxide before use (Luo et al.
2012). Furthermore, phthalates free gloves and pipette tips were employed during
the experiment (Santana-Mayor et al. 2018).
15.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
In recent years, many novel analytical methods for phthalates in water sample have
continuously emerged. In order to concentrate trace level of phthalates in water
samples, pretreatment methods, such as liquid–liquid microextraction and solidphase extraction and their derivative techniques, including dispersive liquid–liquid
microextraction, hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction, solidified floating
organic drop microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction, are mostly
used. The commonly used separation and detection methods are gas chromatography
with flame ionization detection, gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry,
high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet or diode array detection, and
ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Researchers
have developed numerous new adsorption materials for the concentration of trace
phthalates in water samples. Some of these adsorption materials have good specificity and higher enrichment factors. Besides, other new adsorption materials, such
as carbon nanotubes/magnetic carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and electrospun
nanofibers, have been increasingly obtained attention, because they are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, cheap, and easily available. However, the current analytical
methods seldom cover all the possible phthalates that occur in the different water
matrices. In the future, in addition to the highly sensitive gas and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometers, it is also necessary to
develop new analytical techniques that are rapid, sensitive, accurate, or capable of
on-line or on-site detection, such as various biosensors, micro-total analysis system,
surface-enhanced Raman scattering device, and surface plasmon resonance system.
These techniques have potential applications in phthalates analysis in water, especially in real-time or on-site analysis.
References
Amanzadeh H, Yamini Y, Moradi M, Asl Y (2016) Determination of phthalate esters in drinking
water and edible vegetable oil samples by headspace solid phase microextraction using
graphene/polyvinylchloride nanocomposite coated fiber coupled to gas chromatography-flame
ionization detector. J Chromatogr A 1465:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.068
Bandforuzi S, Hadjmohammadi M (2018) Application of non-ionic surfactant as a developed
method for the enhancement of two-phase solvent bar microextraction for the simultaneous
568
C. Sun et al.