strategies are determined. These are including root exudate interference, disturbance,
selection of plant in performance of microbiome, and feeding of the supply lines are
determined to ensure that pathogenic microbial populations and opportunistic are
controlled in polluted sites for increasing the ability of enhanced phytoremediation
processes using PGP microbes. Since the plant–microbiome interaction is not
adequate for a successful phytoremediation, to enhance the capacity of
phytoremediation some human interventions are required. Some approaches to
enhance phytoremediation have been reported by Wenzel (2009) and
Schwitzguebel (2015).
Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
The mechanism of phytoremediation and its yield depend on the properties of the
contaminated site and the type of pollution as well as bioavailability (Cunningham
et al. 1996). For phytoremediation there are several ways. A root system where the
main mechanisms to prevent toxicity are found primarily uptakes the pollutions.
Here we have listed the mechanisms to treat soil, sediments, and water with impact
on the mobility, volume, or toxicity of pollutants. There is overlap or similarities
between some of the mechanisms.
Phytoextraction
In phytoextraction, which is also called phytoaccumulation, the plant roots uptake
the translocation of metal pollutants from the soil to the aboveground parts of the
plants (Yadav et al. 2018; Muthusaravanan et al. 2018). The method is inexpensive
with a permanent removal of pollution. The mechanism depends mainly on the plant
to grow fast, eradicate metals, tolerate their high concentrations, and accumulate
high amounts in their shoots (Mahajan and Kaushal 2018; Brennan and Shelley
1999).
Rhizofiltration
This is applicable to remove metals or inorganic compounds from surface of water,
groundwater, and wastewater. Rhizofiltration includes the uptake or precipitation
into roots or the solution surrounding the roots. It is similar to phytoextraction but it
is applicable for water than soil. The tobacco, sunflower, rye, Indian mustard, corn,
and spinach have shown the potential to treat the contaminated waters by lead.
Among them, sunflower has the greatest potential (Mahajan and Kaushal 2018). The
plant should have substantial amount of surface area and high capacity to accumulate
and tolerate the significant amount of pollutions. The ideal plant needs low cost to
maintain, can grow in submerged situation, has the minimum secondary waste, and
involves easy handling (Yahav et al. 2018).
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
471
selection of plant in performance of microbiome, and feeding of the supply lines are
determined to ensure that pathogenic microbial populations and opportunistic are
controlled in polluted sites for increasing the ability of enhanced phytoremediation
processes using PGP microbes. Since the plant–microbiome interaction is not
adequate for a successful phytoremediation, to enhance the capacity of
phytoremediation some human interventions are required. Some approaches to
enhance phytoremediation have been reported by Wenzel (2009) and
Schwitzguebel (2015).
Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
The mechanism of phytoremediation and its yield depend on the properties of the
contaminated site and the type of pollution as well as bioavailability (Cunningham
et al. 1996). For phytoremediation there are several ways. A root system where the
main mechanisms to prevent toxicity are found primarily uptakes the pollutions.
Here we have listed the mechanisms to treat soil, sediments, and water with impact
on the mobility, volume, or toxicity of pollutants. There is overlap or similarities
between some of the mechanisms.
Phytoextraction
In phytoextraction, which is also called phytoaccumulation, the plant roots uptake
the translocation of metal pollutants from the soil to the aboveground parts of the
plants (Yadav et al. 2018; Muthusaravanan et al. 2018). The method is inexpensive
with a permanent removal of pollution. The mechanism depends mainly on the plant
to grow fast, eradicate metals, tolerate their high concentrations, and accumulate
high amounts in their shoots (Mahajan and Kaushal 2018; Brennan and Shelley
1999).
Rhizofiltration
This is applicable to remove metals or inorganic compounds from surface of water,
groundwater, and wastewater. Rhizofiltration includes the uptake or precipitation
into roots or the solution surrounding the roots. It is similar to phytoextraction but it
is applicable for water than soil. The tobacco, sunflower, rye, Indian mustard, corn,
and spinach have shown the potential to treat the contaminated waters by lead.
Among them, sunflower has the greatest potential (Mahajan and Kaushal 2018). The
plant should have substantial amount of surface area and high capacity to accumulate
and tolerate the significant amount of pollutions. The ideal plant needs low cost to
maintain, can grow in submerged situation, has the minimum secondary waste, and
involves easy handling (Yahav et al. 2018).
12 Remediation of Pollution by Oil Spills
471