discharge based on the measures planned is mandatory for any oil discharging
through an offshore installation. Also the capacity and installation of the oil containers have been regulated according to the Control of Pollution (Oil StorageEngland) Regulations 2001 to prevent burst or leak under ordinary use (Dave and
Ghaly 2011).
Response Regulations of UK
In the UK, any unplanned or unexpected oil spill to sea must be announced by the
Oil Operations Notice No. 1 immediately. In the case that the source of oil spill is not
specified, the oil is taken for analysis. Ship owners or operators, persons who handle
facility and are responsible for an offshore installation must report any oil spill
caused by other ships or offshore installations immediately to the near Coastal State
or Her Majesty’s coast guard based on the Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution
Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation Convention) Regulations 1998 (Dave
and Ghaly 2011).
12.3 Part I: Remediation Technology
12.3.1 Physical Methods
The physical methods, which can be applied for low and high viscous oils, even in
the presence of ice are conventional recovery methods to remove the spilled oil. Oil
skimmers and booms are the familiar types of this method, explained below.
Skimmers
The skimmers are engineered devices for oily water treatment and can be divided
into oleophilic (adhesion), weir, elevating submersion, suction, and centrifuged type
according to their function. For example, the oleophilic skimmers use the oleophilic
materials to separate oil from water and are classified into drums, discs, and rope
mops. For selecting an appropriate oil skimmer, some parameters must be considered such as oil type, oil viscosity, and sea and environmental conditions.
Recently, some researches were performed to improve and increase the recovery
rate of these equipments. Broje and Keller (2007b) emphasized the essential role of
interfacial tension between various petroleum products and recovery surface of the
skimmers. The interfacial tension has important effects on the wetting surface, the oil
thickness, and eventually recovery rate. The wetting and oleophilic properties were
evaluated by use of the contact angles of oil and hydrocarbon liquids. They used
various hard polymers, metals, and elastomers as cover. According to the results,
Neoprene and Hypalon (oleophilic elastomers) have high oleophilicity and more
396
M. Fatehi et al.
through an offshore installation. Also the capacity and installation of the oil containers have been regulated according to the Control of Pollution (Oil StorageEngland) Regulations 2001 to prevent burst or leak under ordinary use (Dave and
Ghaly 2011).
Response Regulations of UK
In the UK, any unplanned or unexpected oil spill to sea must be announced by the
Oil Operations Notice No. 1 immediately. In the case that the source of oil spill is not
specified, the oil is taken for analysis. Ship owners or operators, persons who handle
facility and are responsible for an offshore installation must report any oil spill
caused by other ships or offshore installations immediately to the near Coastal State
or Her Majesty’s coast guard based on the Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution
Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation Convention) Regulations 1998 (Dave
and Ghaly 2011).
12.3 Part I: Remediation Technology
12.3.1 Physical Methods
The physical methods, which can be applied for low and high viscous oils, even in
the presence of ice are conventional recovery methods to remove the spilled oil. Oil
skimmers and booms are the familiar types of this method, explained below.
Skimmers
The skimmers are engineered devices for oily water treatment and can be divided
into oleophilic (adhesion), weir, elevating submersion, suction, and centrifuged type
according to their function. For example, the oleophilic skimmers use the oleophilic
materials to separate oil from water and are classified into drums, discs, and rope
mops. For selecting an appropriate oil skimmer, some parameters must be considered such as oil type, oil viscosity, and sea and environmental conditions.
Recently, some researches were performed to improve and increase the recovery
rate of these equipments. Broje and Keller (2007b) emphasized the essential role of
interfacial tension between various petroleum products and recovery surface of the
skimmers. The interfacial tension has important effects on the wetting surface, the oil
thickness, and eventually recovery rate. The wetting and oleophilic properties were
evaluated by use of the contact angles of oil and hydrocarbon liquids. They used
various hard polymers, metals, and elastomers as cover. According to the results,
Neoprene and Hypalon (oleophilic elastomers) have high oleophilicity and more
396
M. Fatehi et al.