triclosan in 32, from a total of 71 analyzed samples (ranging from 2.2 to 66 ng L
À1 ).
An extensive study performed by Kosma et al. 2014investigated the presence of
18 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in 8 wastewater treatment plant in
Greece. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and salicylic acid
were the predominant compounds at concentrations up to 96.65 μg L
À1 .
Most pharmaceuticals andpersonal care products are considered as pseudopersistent pollutant, since is constantly come into the environmental compartments
from wastewater treatment plant, as consequence are commonly present in low
concentrations in waters, ranging from a few ng L
À1 to several μg L
À1 (Saggioro
et al. 2014b). Most pharmaceuticals and personal care products are discharged from
conventional wastewater treatment plant through the sewage system that is not
designed for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal (Daughton and
Ternes 1999). Incomplete human metabolism is also an important source of emerging contaminants to aquatic environments (Kümmerer 2009). The conjugated metabolized arrive in the sewage system that is not able to remove and promotes a
conjugate release in the aqueous being able to bind the receptors of the organisms
(Li 2014). The domestic sewage treatment plants has been the main source of
introduction pharmaceuticals and personal care products compounds (Ternes
1998). The use of sewage sludge in land surface fertilization is another substantial
diffusion source of pharmaceuticals and personal care products to aquatic and
terrestrial resources (Lapworth et al. 2012). Sewage sludge, or biosolid, is a wastewater treatment residue commonly used for soil fertilizer, since it contains nutrients
that improve agriculture production (Kinney et al. 2008).
Current municipal wastewater treatment plant are designed to control a several
kinds of substances e.g., nitrogen, phosphates, organic matter, and pathogens. While
these substances can be efficiently removed, many pharmaceuticals and personal
care products can pass through wastewater treatment processes unaltered, since they
are not treatment targets (Bolong et al. 2009).
Hence, the evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal in
the conventional wastewater treatment plant is now necessary for the optimization of
treatments, to prevent the release of these compounds, that are recognized hazardous
compounds into the environment (Luo et al. 2014).
Advanced oxidation processes are powerful methodology for the degradation of
persistent pollutants (Gil Maia et al. 2014; Jiménez et al. 2015; Saggioro et al.
2014a). Advanced oxidation processes produce of high oxidant and non-selective
●
OH, which can react to the different class of organic compounds, including
pharmaceuticals and personal care products, promoting to their mineralization or
the formation of simple intermediate structures that are more biodegradable (Amat
et al. 2009).
Thus, the objective of this study is to review and compare published research
about advanced oxidation processes that improve the biodegradability of most
detected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aqueous environment,
namely, pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
10 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment and. . .
301
À1 ).
An extensive study performed by Kosma et al. 2014investigated the presence of
18 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in 8 wastewater treatment plant in
Greece. Anti-inflammatory drugs such as paracetamol, diclofenac, and salicylic acid
were the predominant compounds at concentrations up to 96.65 μg L
À1 .
Most pharmaceuticals andpersonal care products are considered as pseudopersistent pollutant, since is constantly come into the environmental compartments
from wastewater treatment plant, as consequence are commonly present in low
concentrations in waters, ranging from a few ng L
À1 to several μg L
À1 (Saggioro
et al. 2014b). Most pharmaceuticals and personal care products are discharged from
conventional wastewater treatment plant through the sewage system that is not
designed for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal (Daughton and
Ternes 1999). Incomplete human metabolism is also an important source of emerging contaminants to aquatic environments (Kümmerer 2009). The conjugated metabolized arrive in the sewage system that is not able to remove and promotes a
conjugate release in the aqueous being able to bind the receptors of the organisms
(Li 2014). The domestic sewage treatment plants has been the main source of
introduction pharmaceuticals and personal care products compounds (Ternes
1998). The use of sewage sludge in land surface fertilization is another substantial
diffusion source of pharmaceuticals and personal care products to aquatic and
terrestrial resources (Lapworth et al. 2012). Sewage sludge, or biosolid, is a wastewater treatment residue commonly used for soil fertilizer, since it contains nutrients
that improve agriculture production (Kinney et al. 2008).
Current municipal wastewater treatment plant are designed to control a several
kinds of substances e.g., nitrogen, phosphates, organic matter, and pathogens. While
these substances can be efficiently removed, many pharmaceuticals and personal
care products can pass through wastewater treatment processes unaltered, since they
are not treatment targets (Bolong et al. 2009).
Hence, the evaluation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal in
the conventional wastewater treatment plant is now necessary for the optimization of
treatments, to prevent the release of these compounds, that are recognized hazardous
compounds into the environment (Luo et al. 2014).
Advanced oxidation processes are powerful methodology for the degradation of
persistent pollutants (Gil Maia et al. 2014; Jiménez et al. 2015; Saggioro et al.
2014a). Advanced oxidation processes produce of high oxidant and non-selective
●
OH, which can react to the different class of organic compounds, including
pharmaceuticals and personal care products, promoting to their mineralization or
the formation of simple intermediate structures that are more biodegradable (Amat
et al. 2009).
Thus, the objective of this study is to review and compare published research
about advanced oxidation processes that improve the biodegradability of most
detected pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aqueous environment,
namely, pharmaceuticals and personal care products.
10 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment and. . .
301