Textile Wastes
The textile industries are divided into three categories like cotton, woollen and
synthetic fibres. The textile factories consume huge quantities of water and also
produce huge volumes of wastewater during different processes. The typical features
of wastewater from such industries are that, it is rich in coloured pigments, dyes,
printing chemicals and packaging wastes. The pollutants from cotton textiles are
carboxyl methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and mineral acid during sizing and
de-sizing of cotton; sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide during bleaching;
naphthol dyes, sulphur dyes, basic dyes, synthetic resins, synthetic waxes during
dyeing and finishing operations. Similarly, the woollen textile industry wastes
include alkali, soap, soda ash and sulphuric acid during scouring and carbonizing;
toxic organic dyes from dyeing; mineral oil during oiling; colour pigments during
finishing (Jain et al. 2016). The water is contaminated with organic and polymeric
chemicals in synthetic fibre mills during bleaching, mercerizing and dyeing. The
coloured wastewater also has high pH, high chemical oxygen demand, high biochemical oxygen demand and contains high level of total suspended solids (Ramesh
et al. 2007; Patwardhan 2008).
Polymer and Plastics Wastes
Polymeric materials and plastics are abundantly utilized in our daily life. They are
consumed as packaging films, wrapping materials, shopping-garbage bags and
boxes, fluid bottles-pouches, toys, industrial products, construction as well as household materials. For this reason, their productions are increasing very fast and
production level crosses around 150,000 kg/year worldwide. But polymeric and
plastic materials are non-biodegradable and remain on earth for several years; so,
these wastes cause adverse effects on the environment, like choking of drains and
flooding of localities during monsoon. Total generation of wastes from plastic
industries is approximately 5600 kg/year (Central Pollution Control Board, India
2013). The typical hydrocarbon wastes are benzene, 1,3-butadiene, tetra-chloro
methane, dioxin, furans, amines, nitrides, styrene, acetaldehyde, etc. Other
non-recyclable plastic wastes are low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, some thermoset polymers, etc. So, this wastewater must be treated before being
disposed (Datta and Kopczynska 2016).
Paint Wastes
Paint is a useful material in our modern colourful life. The different raw materials of
paint industries are resins, drying oil, solvents, pigments, extenders, etc. The wastewater is generated from paint industry during packaging the products and raw
materials, cleaning the equipment, washing the floors, cooling water blowdown
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M. Samanta and D. Mitra
The textile industries are divided into three categories like cotton, woollen and
synthetic fibres. The textile factories consume huge quantities of water and also
produce huge volumes of wastewater during different processes. The typical features
of wastewater from such industries are that, it is rich in coloured pigments, dyes,
printing chemicals and packaging wastes. The pollutants from cotton textiles are
carboxyl methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol and mineral acid during sizing and
de-sizing of cotton; sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide during bleaching;
naphthol dyes, sulphur dyes, basic dyes, synthetic resins, synthetic waxes during
dyeing and finishing operations. Similarly, the woollen textile industry wastes
include alkali, soap, soda ash and sulphuric acid during scouring and carbonizing;
toxic organic dyes from dyeing; mineral oil during oiling; colour pigments during
finishing (Jain et al. 2016). The water is contaminated with organic and polymeric
chemicals in synthetic fibre mills during bleaching, mercerizing and dyeing. The
coloured wastewater also has high pH, high chemical oxygen demand, high biochemical oxygen demand and contains high level of total suspended solids (Ramesh
et al. 2007; Patwardhan 2008).
Polymer and Plastics Wastes
Polymeric materials and plastics are abundantly utilized in our daily life. They are
consumed as packaging films, wrapping materials, shopping-garbage bags and
boxes, fluid bottles-pouches, toys, industrial products, construction as well as household materials. For this reason, their productions are increasing very fast and
production level crosses around 150,000 kg/year worldwide. But polymeric and
plastic materials are non-biodegradable and remain on earth for several years; so,
these wastes cause adverse effects on the environment, like choking of drains and
flooding of localities during monsoon. Total generation of wastes from plastic
industries is approximately 5600 kg/year (Central Pollution Control Board, India
2013). The typical hydrocarbon wastes are benzene, 1,3-butadiene, tetra-chloro
methane, dioxin, furans, amines, nitrides, styrene, acetaldehyde, etc. Other
non-recyclable plastic wastes are low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, some thermoset polymers, etc. So, this wastewater must be treated before being
disposed (Datta and Kopczynska 2016).
Paint Wastes
Paint is a useful material in our modern colourful life. The different raw materials of
paint industries are resins, drying oil, solvents, pigments, extenders, etc. The wastewater is generated from paint industry during packaging the products and raw
materials, cleaning the equipment, washing the floors, cooling water blowdown
240
M. Samanta and D. Mitra