Table 6.2 Aerobic granular reactor operating conditions, granule characteristics and pollutant
removal efficiencies in different types of hydrocarbon-rich wastewater treatment (*abbreviations
are explained below)
Type of
wastewater
Operating
conditions
Granule
characteristics
Pollutant removal
Reference
Palm oil mill
wastewater
i) AGR volume:
1 L; OLR: 2.5 kg
COD/m
3
.d; VER:
50%; superficial air
velocity: 2.5 cm s
-1 ;
cycle time: 3 h;
operation time:
60 days
Granule size:
2–4 mm, biomass
concentration:
7.6 g/L; SVI:
31.3 mL/g SS
COD: 91.1% (I:
700 mg/L); Ammonia: 97.6% (I:
100 mg/L); Colour:
66.0% (I:
600 ADMI)
Abdullah
et al. (2011)
ii) AGR volume:
8 L; OLR: 3-6 kg
COD/m
3
.d; VER:
25%; superficial air
velocity: 5 L/min;
cycle time: 6 h;
operation time:
170 days; Adsorbent: waste granules treated in
0.1 M NaOH; column study.
Granule size:
0.9 mm, granulation time: 110 days;
MLSS: 3.6–2.5 g/l;
SVI: 30 mL/g
By granules: COD:
88% (OLR: 3 kg
COD/m
3
.day); 90%
(6 kg COD/m
3
.
day); by adsorbent:
COD: 21%; turbidity: 99%
Gobi et al.
(2011)
iii) AGR volume:
1.2 L; OLR:
2.75 kg COD/m
3
.d;
VER: 50%;
2.07 cm/s; cycle
time: 4 h; operation
time: 120 days;
Granule size:
0.3–2.36 mm, SVI:
10.30–14.80 mL/g
SS; MLSS:
6.90–8.25 g /L;
GSV:
18.0–103.0 m/h;
integrity coefficient: 2%
Aerobic granules
containing photosynthetic bacteria
naturally consumed
POME as nutrient
source
Najib et al.
(2017)
Hypersaline
oily
wastewater
AGR volume:
3.5 L; VER: 50%;
cycle time: R1: 3 h;
R2: 12 h; superficial
air velocity: 3.5 cm/
s; operation time:
100 days
Granule size:
1.9 mm, SVI 5 :
28–30 mL/g GSV:
70–80 m/h; TSS:
6.5–11; EPS:
550–340 mg/g.
VSS; PN:PS: 3–6;
granule hydrophobicity: 89%–93%
COD: 98%, 88% (I:
900 Æ 15 and
1350 Æ 50 mg/L);
TN: 50%, 26% (I:
90 Æ 5 and
115 Æ 10 mg/L);
Phosphorus: 50%,
80% (I: 20 Æ 2 and
25 Æ 3 mg/L);
Hydrocarbon:
above 90% (I:
6.8 Æ 1.5 mg/L)
Corsino et al.
(2015)
Coal gasification
wastewater
AGR volume: 3 L;
VER: 50%; cycle
time: 4 h; HRT: 8 h;
operation time:
480 days
Granule size:
1300–250 μm,
SVI 8 : 30 Æ 8 mL/g.
TSS; VSS:
4.9 Æ 0.6 g/L; TSS:
260 Æ 20 mg/L;
GSV: 1.1–6 m/h
COD: 92 Æ 6 to
94 Æ 2% (I:
240–630 mg/L);
NH 4
+ -N: 78% (I:
340–610 mg/L)
Milia et al.
(2016)
(continued)
188
S. Ghosh and S. Chakraborty
removal efficiencies in different types of hydrocarbon-rich wastewater treatment (*abbreviations
are explained below)
Type of
wastewater
Operating
conditions
Granule
characteristics
Pollutant removal
Reference
Palm oil mill
wastewater
i) AGR volume:
1 L; OLR: 2.5 kg
COD/m
3
.d; VER:
50%; superficial air
velocity: 2.5 cm s
-1 ;
cycle time: 3 h;
operation time:
60 days
Granule size:
2–4 mm, biomass
concentration:
7.6 g/L; SVI:
31.3 mL/g SS
COD: 91.1% (I:
700 mg/L); Ammonia: 97.6% (I:
100 mg/L); Colour:
66.0% (I:
600 ADMI)
Abdullah
et al. (2011)
ii) AGR volume:
8 L; OLR: 3-6 kg
COD/m
3
.d; VER:
25%; superficial air
velocity: 5 L/min;
cycle time: 6 h;
operation time:
170 days; Adsorbent: waste granules treated in
0.1 M NaOH; column study.
Granule size:
0.9 mm, granulation time: 110 days;
MLSS: 3.6–2.5 g/l;
SVI: 30 mL/g
By granules: COD:
88% (OLR: 3 kg
COD/m
3
.day); 90%
(6 kg COD/m
3
.
day); by adsorbent:
COD: 21%; turbidity: 99%
Gobi et al.
(2011)
iii) AGR volume:
1.2 L; OLR:
2.75 kg COD/m
3
.d;
VER: 50%;
2.07 cm/s; cycle
time: 4 h; operation
time: 120 days;
Granule size:
0.3–2.36 mm, SVI:
10.30–14.80 mL/g
SS; MLSS:
6.90–8.25 g /L;
GSV:
18.0–103.0 m/h;
integrity coefficient: 2%
Aerobic granules
containing photosynthetic bacteria
naturally consumed
POME as nutrient
source
Najib et al.
(2017)
Hypersaline
oily
wastewater
AGR volume:
3.5 L; VER: 50%;
cycle time: R1: 3 h;
R2: 12 h; superficial
air velocity: 3.5 cm/
s; operation time:
100 days
Granule size:
1.9 mm, SVI 5 :
28–30 mL/g GSV:
70–80 m/h; TSS:
6.5–11; EPS:
550–340 mg/g.
VSS; PN:PS: 3–6;
granule hydrophobicity: 89%–93%
COD: 98%, 88% (I:
900 Æ 15 and
1350 Æ 50 mg/L);
TN: 50%, 26% (I:
90 Æ 5 and
115 Æ 10 mg/L);
Phosphorus: 50%,
80% (I: 20 Æ 2 and
25 Æ 3 mg/L);
Hydrocarbon:
above 90% (I:
6.8 Æ 1.5 mg/L)
Corsino et al.
(2015)
Coal gasification
wastewater
AGR volume: 3 L;
VER: 50%; cycle
time: 4 h; HRT: 8 h;
operation time:
480 days
Granule size:
1300–250 μm,
SVI 8 : 30 Æ 8 mL/g.
TSS; VSS:
4.9 Æ 0.6 g/L; TSS:
260 Æ 20 mg/L;
GSV: 1.1–6 m/h
COD: 92 Æ 6 to
94 Æ 2% (I:
240–630 mg/L);
NH 4
+ -N: 78% (I:
340–610 mg/L)
Milia et al.
(2016)
(continued)
188
S. Ghosh and S. Chakraborty