because they are often provided with a biocide to stop bacterial growth during
delivery and storage. Various dispersants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate are also
used to stop agglomeration of nanoparticles. Concentration of the surfactant should
be maintained very less to toxicity thresholds and should be included in the control.
Nanoparticles can also be used for wastewater treatment to reduce the concentrations
of unwanted chemicals. Efficiency of nanoparticles can be increased by modification/functionalization of surface; some other exposure conditions also affect the
properties of nanoparticles. A free dispersion may lead to reduced particle size
without agglomeration. Thus, aggregation should be monitored during the tests.
Similar other challenges relating to the nanoparticles are similar to those for
nonpolymer manufactured nanomaterials. Thus, detection test for nano- or
macroplastics in environment is a major problem.
4.8 Conclusion
Plastic and electronic pollution are creating problems that place worst effect to the
globe. Our water systems have severe impacts from such pollution on marine and
river life, the increased uncleanness of our surrounding environment, and climate
change, and the manufacturing, application, and expulsion of plastics and e-wastes
containing lead, cadmium, beryllium, and other heavy metals. The lack of government policy action and unawareness of people in this realm are appalling. Government did not set any regulation for plastic leaching or presence of microplastic in
bottled water ,which affects human health and e-waste in water stream. We need to
place more emphasis on removing existing plastics and various forms of e-waste
from water.
References
Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Bhattacharya P, Lin S, Turner JP, Ke PC (2010) Physical adsorption of charged plastic
nanoparticles affects algal photosynthesis. J Phys Chem C 114:16556–16561. https://doi.org/
10.1021/jp1054759
Blettler MCM, Abrial E, Khan FR, Sivri N, Espinola LA (2018) Freshwater plastic pollution:
recognizing research biases and identifying knowledge gaps. Water Res 143:416–424. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.015
Breivik K, Armitage JM, Wania F, Jones KC (2014) Tracking the global generation and exports of
e-waste. do existing estimates add up? Environ Sci Technol 48:8735–8743. https://doi.org/10.
1021/es5021313
Chandrasekaran SR, Avasarala S, Murali D, Rajagopalan N (2018) Materials and energy recovery
from e-waste plastics. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:4594–4602. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acssuschemeng.7b03282
128
B. Jain et al.
delivery and storage. Various dispersants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate are also
used to stop agglomeration of nanoparticles. Concentration of the surfactant should
be maintained very less to toxicity thresholds and should be included in the control.
Nanoparticles can also be used for wastewater treatment to reduce the concentrations
of unwanted chemicals. Efficiency of nanoparticles can be increased by modification/functionalization of surface; some other exposure conditions also affect the
properties of nanoparticles. A free dispersion may lead to reduced particle size
without agglomeration. Thus, aggregation should be monitored during the tests.
Similar other challenges relating to the nanoparticles are similar to those for
nonpolymer manufactured nanomaterials. Thus, detection test for nano- or
macroplastics in environment is a major problem.
4.8 Conclusion
Plastic and electronic pollution are creating problems that place worst effect to the
globe. Our water systems have severe impacts from such pollution on marine and
river life, the increased uncleanness of our surrounding environment, and climate
change, and the manufacturing, application, and expulsion of plastics and e-wastes
containing lead, cadmium, beryllium, and other heavy metals. The lack of government policy action and unawareness of people in this realm are appalling. Government did not set any regulation for plastic leaching or presence of microplastic in
bottled water ,which affects human health and e-waste in water stream. We need to
place more emphasis on removing existing plastics and various forms of e-waste
from water.
References
Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Bhattacharya P, Lin S, Turner JP, Ke PC (2010) Physical adsorption of charged plastic
nanoparticles affects algal photosynthesis. J Phys Chem C 114:16556–16561. https://doi.org/
10.1021/jp1054759
Blettler MCM, Abrial E, Khan FR, Sivri N, Espinola LA (2018) Freshwater plastic pollution:
recognizing research biases and identifying knowledge gaps. Water Res 143:416–424. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.015
Breivik K, Armitage JM, Wania F, Jones KC (2014) Tracking the global generation and exports of
e-waste. do existing estimates add up? Environ Sci Technol 48:8735–8743. https://doi.org/10.
1021/es5021313
Chandrasekaran SR, Avasarala S, Murali D, Rajagopalan N (2018) Materials and energy recovery
from e-waste plastics. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 6:4594–4602. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acssuschemeng.7b03282
128
B. Jain et al.