Distribution and Impact of Microplastics in the Aquatic …
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Table 2
Toxicological effects of MPs in marine and freshwater biota species
Water body
Studied biota
species
MPs type
MPs size
MPs concentration
range
Exposure time
Reported biological effects
References
Marine
environment
Zebrafish (Danio
rerio)
PS
0.07–20
μm
20–2000
μg/L
3 weeks
MP accumulation in gills,
liver, and gut results in surges
in enzyme activities such as
superoxide dismutase and
catalase. Considerable
changes in hepatic
metabolites, penetration, and
lipid droplets in hepatocytes
[59]
Zebrafish (Danio
rerio
PS
5-μm
50
μg/L and
500
μg/L)
3 week
Redness and oxidative stress
in the gut. Change in the gut
microbiome and tissue
metabolic profiles, linked
with oxidative strain,
swelling, and lipid
metabolism, and gut damage
[78]
Adult male
zebrafish
PS
0.5 & 50
μm
1.456
× 10 10
particles/L for
0.5
μm and 1.456
× 10 4
particles/L
for 50
μm).
14 days
A paramount alteration in the
fertility and variety of
microbiota in the gut,
changes in gene level,
increased mRNA levels of
microbiota imbalance, and
redness in the gut
[61]
Shore crab
Carcinus maenas
PS
8
μm
–
1 h
Decline in Na +
ion and rise in
Ca 2+.
ion in hemolymph
[62]
(continued)