Distribution and Impact of Microplastics in the Aquatic …
99
3. Pereao O, Opeolu B, Fatoki O (2020) Microplastics in aquatic environment: characterization, ecotoxicological effect, implications for ecosystems and developments in South Africa.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:22271–22291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08688-2
4. Proki´ c MD, Radovanovi´ c TB, Gavri´ c JP, Faggio C (2019) Ecotoxicological effects of
microplastics: examination of biomarkers, current state and future perspectives. TrAC Trends
Anal Chem 111:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.001
5. Gregory MR (2009) Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings- entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philos Trans R
Soc B Biol Sci 364:2013–2025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0265
6. Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the
marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar
polbul.2011.09.025
7. Lusher A (2015) Marine anthropogenic litter: distribution, interactions and effects. In: Marine
anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham., pp 1–447. ISBN 9783319165103
8. Aragaw TA (2020) Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the
COVID-19 scenario. Mar Pollut Bull 159:111517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.
111517
9. Sebille E, Van Gilbert A, Spathi C (2016) The ocean plastic pollution challenge: towards
solutions in the UK. Grantham Inst Breifing Pap 19:1–16
10. Li WC, Tse HF, Fok L (2016) Plastic waste in the marine environment: a review of sources,
occurrence and effects. Sci Total Environ 566–567:333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitot
env.2016.05.084
11. Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL
(2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347(80):768–771
12. Galloway TS, Cole M, Lewis C (2017) Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the
marine ecosystem. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0116
13. Derraik JGB (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar
Pollut Bull 44:842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
14. Barletta M, Lima ARA, Costa MF (2019) Distribution, sources and consequences of nutrients,
persistent organic pollutants, metals and microplastics in South American estuaries. Sci Total
Environ 651:1199–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.276
15. Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, Galgani F, Ryan PG,
Reisser J (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces
weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLOS One 9:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0111913
16. Thompson RC, Olson Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D,
Russell AE (2004) Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science 304(80):838. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1094559
17. Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S,
Schwarz A, Levivier A et al (2018) Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly
accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
18. Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C (2017) Microplastics in freshwater
and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge
gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ 586:127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.scitotenv.2017.01.190
19. Nelms SE, Galloway TS, Godley BJ, Jarvis DS, Lindeque PK (2018) Investigating
microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators. Environ Pollut 238:999–1007. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.016
20. Welden NAC, Cowie PR (2016) Environment and gut morphology in fl uence microplastic
retention in langoustine. Nephrops Norvegicus Environ Pollut 214:859–865. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.067
21. Sathish MN, Jeyasanta I, Patterson J (2020) Occurrence of microplastics in epipelagic and
mesopelagic fishes from Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India. Sci Total Environ 720:137614.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137614
99
3. Pereao O, Opeolu B, Fatoki O (2020) Microplastics in aquatic environment: characterization, ecotoxicological effect, implications for ecosystems and developments in South Africa.
Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:22271–22291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08688-2
4. Proki´ c MD, Radovanovi´ c TB, Gavri´ c JP, Faggio C (2019) Ecotoxicological effects of
microplastics: examination of biomarkers, current state and future perspectives. TrAC Trends
Anal Chem 111:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.001
5. Gregory MR (2009) Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings- entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions. Philos Trans R
Soc B Biol Sci 364:2013–2025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0265
6. Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the
marine environment: A review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar
polbul.2011.09.025
7. Lusher A (2015) Marine anthropogenic litter: distribution, interactions and effects. In: Marine
anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham., pp 1–447. ISBN 9783319165103
8. Aragaw TA (2020) Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the
COVID-19 scenario. Mar Pollut Bull 159:111517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.
111517
9. Sebille E, Van Gilbert A, Spathi C (2016) The ocean plastic pollution challenge: towards
solutions in the UK. Grantham Inst Breifing Pap 19:1–16
10. Li WC, Tse HF, Fok L (2016) Plastic waste in the marine environment: a review of sources,
occurrence and effects. Sci Total Environ 566–567:333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitot
env.2016.05.084
11. Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL
(2015) Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science 347(80):768–771
12. Galloway TS, Cole M, Lewis C (2017) Interactions of microplastic debris throughout the
marine ecosystem. Nat Ecol Evol 1:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0116
13. Derraik JGB (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar
Pollut Bull 44:842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
14. Barletta M, Lima ARA, Costa MF (2019) Distribution, sources and consequences of nutrients,
persistent organic pollutants, metals and microplastics in South American estuaries. Sci Total
Environ 651:1199–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.276
15. Eriksen M, Lebreton LCM, Carson HS, Thiel M, Moore CJ, Borerro JC, Galgani F, Ryan PG,
Reisser J (2014) Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic pieces
weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea. PLOS One 9:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0111913
16. Thompson RC, Olson Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D,
Russell AE (2004) Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science 304(80):838. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.1094559
17. Lebreton L, Slat B, Ferrari F, Sainte-Rose B, Aitken J, Marthouse R, Hajbane S, Cunsolo S,
Schwarz A, Levivier A et al (2018) Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly
accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
18. Horton AA, Walton A, Spurgeon DJ, Lahive E, Svendsen C (2017) Microplastics in freshwater
and terrestrial environments: evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge
gaps and future research priorities. Sci Total Environ 586:127–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.scitotenv.2017.01.190
19. Nelms SE, Galloway TS, Godley BJ, Jarvis DS, Lindeque PK (2018) Investigating
microplastic trophic transfer in marine top predators. Environ Pollut 238:999–1007. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.016
20. Welden NAC, Cowie PR (2016) Environment and gut morphology in fl uence microplastic
retention in langoustine. Nephrops Norvegicus Environ Pollut 214:859–865. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.067
21. Sathish MN, Jeyasanta I, Patterson J (2020) Occurrence of microplastics in epipelagic and
mesopelagic fishes from Tuticorin, Southeast coast of India. Sci Total Environ 720:137614.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137614