Table 3.1 WHO AWaRe antibiotic classification for monitoring and evaluation, and their mode of
action
No.
Class of
antibiotic
Representative drug
Mechanism of action
1
β-lactam
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin,
Azlocillin, Bacampicillin,
Benzathinebenzylpenicillin,
Benzylpenicillin, Clometocillin,
Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin,
Flucloxacillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin,
Phenoxymethylpenicillin,
Penamecillin, Pheneticillin,
Piperacillin, Pivampicillin,
Pivmecillinam, Procaine
benzylpenicillin, Sulbenicillin
Inhibitors for cell wall synthesis
and murine assembly
2
Aminoglycosides Amikacin, Arbekacin, Dibekacin,
Gentamicin, Isepamicin, Kanamycin, Micronomicin, Neomycin,
Netilmicin, Netilmicin,
Ribostamycin, Sisomicin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
(Translation)
3
Macrolides
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin,
Dirithromycin, Erythromycin,
Josamycin, Lincomycin,
Midecamycin, Oleandomycin,
Roxithromycin, Spiramycin,
Telithromycin
Protein synthesis inhibitors
(Translation)
4
First Generation
of
Cephalosporins
Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin,
Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine,
Cefazedone, Cefazolin
Inhibition of the growth of
Gram-negative bacteria by
binding to penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs)
Second Generation of
Cephalosporins
Cefaclor, Cefamandole,
Cefbuperazone, Cefmetazole,
Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide
Third Generation
of
Cephalosporins
Cefcapenepivoxil, Cefdinir,
Cefditorenpivoxil, Cefixime,
Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime
5
Monobactams
Aztreonam
Cell wall inhibitors
6
Lincosamides
Clindamycin
Protein synthesis inhibitors
7
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines, Doxycycline,
Eravacycline, Lymecycline,
Metacycline, Minocycline (IV),
Minocycline (oral), Omadacycline
Protein synthesis inhibitors
8
Amphenicols
Chloramphenicol
Protein synthesis inhibitors
9
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin,
Delafloxacin, Fleroxacin,
Flumequine, Garenoxacin,
Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin,
Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin,
Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin,
DNA replication inhibitors
(continued)
3 Existence of Antibiotics in Wastewater as a Pollution Indicator
43
action
No.
Class of
antibiotic
Representative drug
Mechanism of action
1
β-lactam
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin,
Azlocillin, Bacampicillin,
Benzathinebenzylpenicillin,
Benzylpenicillin, Clometocillin,
Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin,
Flucloxacillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin,
Phenoxymethylpenicillin,
Penamecillin, Pheneticillin,
Piperacillin, Pivampicillin,
Pivmecillinam, Procaine
benzylpenicillin, Sulbenicillin
Inhibitors for cell wall synthesis
and murine assembly
2
Aminoglycosides Amikacin, Arbekacin, Dibekacin,
Gentamicin, Isepamicin, Kanamycin, Micronomicin, Neomycin,
Netilmicin, Netilmicin,
Ribostamycin, Sisomicin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
(Translation)
3
Macrolides
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin,
Dirithromycin, Erythromycin,
Josamycin, Lincomycin,
Midecamycin, Oleandomycin,
Roxithromycin, Spiramycin,
Telithromycin
Protein synthesis inhibitors
(Translation)
4
First Generation
of
Cephalosporins
Cefacetrile, Cefadroxil, Cefalexin,
Cefalotin, Cefapirin, Cefatrizine,
Cefazedone, Cefazolin
Inhibition of the growth of
Gram-negative bacteria by
binding to penicillin-binding
proteins (PBPs)
Second Generation of
Cephalosporins
Cefaclor, Cefamandole,
Cefbuperazone, Cefmetazole,
Cefminox, Cefonicid, Ceforanide
Third Generation
of
Cephalosporins
Cefcapenepivoxil, Cefdinir,
Cefditorenpivoxil, Cefixime,
Cefmenoxime, Cefodizime
5
Monobactams
Aztreonam
Cell wall inhibitors
6
Lincosamides
Clindamycin
Protein synthesis inhibitors
7
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines, Doxycycline,
Eravacycline, Lymecycline,
Metacycline, Minocycline (IV),
Minocycline (oral), Omadacycline
Protein synthesis inhibitors
8
Amphenicols
Chloramphenicol
Protein synthesis inhibitors
9
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin,
Delafloxacin, Fleroxacin,
Flumequine, Garenoxacin,
Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin,
Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin,
Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin,
DNA replication inhibitors
(continued)
3 Existence of Antibiotics in Wastewater as a Pollution Indicator
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