correlation with turbidity, BOD, COD, TSS, E.C, E. coli, and phosphate, while it has
negative correlation with DO. Facilities and industrial lands are also negatively
related to DO only, but positively correlated with sulfate, E.C, COD, TDS, and
ammoniacal nitrogen. There is a noticeable pattern observed by Pearson correlation
analysis, that forest areas have a positive effect on water quality in both seasons,
whereas the other land uses have an adverse impact on the river quality throughout
the area (Neary et al. 2009).
Along with this, calculated landscape metric values have demonstrated large
variations among different study areas (Fig. 2.3). In landscape ecology, the principal
Table 2.1 Pearson correlation coefficients between land uses and water quality variables in both
seasons
Forest
Agriculture
Residential
Facilities & industrial
Normal season
pH
0.147*
À0.498*
À0.193*
À0.207
Temperature
0.197
0.602*
0.359*
0.172
DO
0.453*
À0.506*
À0.196*
À0.189*
BOD
0.145
À0.004
0.390*
0.302*
COD
0.030
0.160*
0.047
0.096*
TSS
0.232
0.315
0.423*
0.391*
TDS
À0.201
0.173
0.235
0.354
E.C
À0.087*
0.359*
0.482*
0.321
Turbidity
0.407
0.402
0.235
0.237*
E. coli
À0.337*
0.90
0.342*
0.183
Ammoniacal nitrogen
À0.385*
0.333*
0.145*
0.223*
Nitrate
À0.219
0.200
0.082
0.091
Phosphate
À0.324*
0.130*
0.130*
0.276*
Sulfate
À0.208*
0.411*
0.271*
0.091
Wet season
pH
0.115*
À0.417*
À0.134
0.195
Temperature
À0.125
0.304*
À0.203
À0.463
DO
0.057*
À0.228*
À0.044*
À0.217*
BOD
À0.084*
0.154
0.126*
0.043
COD
À0.61*
0.088*
0.206*
0.305*
TSS
À0.008
0.347
0.234*
0.305
TDS
0.312*
0.345*
0.176
0.150*
E.C
À0.113*
0.315*
0.197*
0.068*
Turbidity
0.108
0.442*
0.321*
0.097
E. coli
À0.512*
0.179
0.294*
À0.178
Ammoniacal nitrogen
À0.427*
0.311*
0.384
0.083*
Nitrate
À0.154
0.254*
À0.238
0.068
Phosphate
À0.154*
0.395*
0.294*
0.053*
Sulfate
0.120
0.427*
0.235
0.022*
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 (DO dissolved oxygen, BOD biological oxygen demand, COD chemical
oxygen demand, TSS total suspended solid, TDS total dissolved solid, EC electrical conductivity)
2 Landscape Perspective to River Pollution: A Case Study of Bentong River,. . .
27
negative correlation with DO. Facilities and industrial lands are also negatively
related to DO only, but positively correlated with sulfate, E.C, COD, TDS, and
ammoniacal nitrogen. There is a noticeable pattern observed by Pearson correlation
analysis, that forest areas have a positive effect on water quality in both seasons,
whereas the other land uses have an adverse impact on the river quality throughout
the area (Neary et al. 2009).
Along with this, calculated landscape metric values have demonstrated large
variations among different study areas (Fig. 2.3). In landscape ecology, the principal
Table 2.1 Pearson correlation coefficients between land uses and water quality variables in both
seasons
Forest
Agriculture
Residential
Facilities & industrial
Normal season
pH
0.147*
À0.498*
À0.193*
À0.207
Temperature
0.197
0.602*
0.359*
0.172
DO
0.453*
À0.506*
À0.196*
À0.189*
BOD
0.145
À0.004
0.390*
0.302*
COD
0.030
0.160*
0.047
0.096*
TSS
0.232
0.315
0.423*
0.391*
TDS
À0.201
0.173
0.235
0.354
E.C
À0.087*
0.359*
0.482*
0.321
Turbidity
0.407
0.402
0.235
0.237*
E. coli
À0.337*
0.90
0.342*
0.183
Ammoniacal nitrogen
À0.385*
0.333*
0.145*
0.223*
Nitrate
À0.219
0.200
0.082
0.091
Phosphate
À0.324*
0.130*
0.130*
0.276*
Sulfate
À0.208*
0.411*
0.271*
0.091
Wet season
pH
0.115*
À0.417*
À0.134
0.195
Temperature
À0.125
0.304*
À0.203
À0.463
DO
0.057*
À0.228*
À0.044*
À0.217*
BOD
À0.084*
0.154
0.126*
0.043
COD
À0.61*
0.088*
0.206*
0.305*
TSS
À0.008
0.347
0.234*
0.305
TDS
0.312*
0.345*
0.176
0.150*
E.C
À0.113*
0.315*
0.197*
0.068*
Turbidity
0.108
0.442*
0.321*
0.097
E. coli
À0.512*
0.179
0.294*
À0.178
Ammoniacal nitrogen
À0.427*
0.311*
0.384
0.083*
Nitrate
À0.154
0.254*
À0.238
0.068
Phosphate
À0.154*
0.395*
0.294*
0.053*
Sulfate
0.120
0.427*
0.235
0.022*
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 (DO dissolved oxygen, BOD biological oxygen demand, COD chemical
oxygen demand, TSS total suspended solid, TDS total dissolved solid, EC electrical conductivity)
2 Landscape Perspective to River Pollution: A Case Study of Bentong River,. . .
27