almost 81% of total production. The demand for energy has been increasing by 1.8%
every year. Different platforms are available to produce energy such as hydro and
wind power, geothermal, and solar, and biomass contributes only 19% of the total
energy production due to a lack of planning and failure to identify the appropriate
energy sources. One such study depicts planning and identifying the most appropriate energy source by using MCDM technique of gray regression analysis. The study
was focused on analyzing the appropriate source in the renewable sector. The
MCDM selected was integrated into three steps, the process of analytical network,
followed by optimization, and at the end solution based on compromisation. Initially, gray regression method was used to highlight the criteria, and then the
obtained results were evaluated by formulating a network structure. A case study
was also conducted to measure the effectiveness as well as the applicability by
Çelikbilek and Tüysüz (2016).
The past studies so far that have been carried out were confined to reduce the
effluents discharged to the environment, while the amount of wastewater generation
and contamination loads were not depicted. Ozturk and Cinperi (2018) in their study
used techno-economical minimization techniques to determine wastewater amount,
including the pollutants in it, and also to reduce the water usage significantly in a
woolen textile mill. The generation of wastewater, as well as water consumption for
a specific application, was calculated during the on-site visit. Clean and wastewater
samples have been collected at different periods and were analyzed to measure the
specific pollutant. The reuse capability of the mill was then estimated. Also, to
compare, reduction potentials of other mills were examined. MCDM technique was
used to identify and evaluate a total of 82 such minimization techniques. Only 9 out
of 82 decided to implement based on the results. Thus, a reduction of 41–69% in
water consumption, 48–75% of wastewater reuse, and 28–63% of chemicals has
been removed. It was also claimed that the potential payback period would be
between 24 and 60 months.
Hypothesis H9: Identifying the role of MCDM approach is positively related to firm
performance.
12.3.10 Nanotechnology Applicability in Industrial
Wastewater Treatment
Dyes and pigments are the most commonly used organic compounds in the textile
industry. It was estimated that around 7 Â 10
5 tons of dyes were produced annually
to meet the demand of the clothing industry worldwide. This shows the everincreasing demand for apparel in the world market. It was also estimated that around
15–20% of these organic compounds are discharged in the effluents during dyeing
operation. This will not only raise environmental pollution but also lead to
nanoesthetic pollution. It was also noticed that dyes of nanoparticles in the waste
body do not allow the sunrays to fall deep inside the water and, in turn, result in
12 An Overview of Sustainability of Textile Wastewater Management in Textile. . .
297
every year. Different platforms are available to produce energy such as hydro and
wind power, geothermal, and solar, and biomass contributes only 19% of the total
energy production due to a lack of planning and failure to identify the appropriate
energy sources. One such study depicts planning and identifying the most appropriate energy source by using MCDM technique of gray regression analysis. The study
was focused on analyzing the appropriate source in the renewable sector. The
MCDM selected was integrated into three steps, the process of analytical network,
followed by optimization, and at the end solution based on compromisation. Initially, gray regression method was used to highlight the criteria, and then the
obtained results were evaluated by formulating a network structure. A case study
was also conducted to measure the effectiveness as well as the applicability by
Çelikbilek and Tüysüz (2016).
The past studies so far that have been carried out were confined to reduce the
effluents discharged to the environment, while the amount of wastewater generation
and contamination loads were not depicted. Ozturk and Cinperi (2018) in their study
used techno-economical minimization techniques to determine wastewater amount,
including the pollutants in it, and also to reduce the water usage significantly in a
woolen textile mill. The generation of wastewater, as well as water consumption for
a specific application, was calculated during the on-site visit. Clean and wastewater
samples have been collected at different periods and were analyzed to measure the
specific pollutant. The reuse capability of the mill was then estimated. Also, to
compare, reduction potentials of other mills were examined. MCDM technique was
used to identify and evaluate a total of 82 such minimization techniques. Only 9 out
of 82 decided to implement based on the results. Thus, a reduction of 41–69% in
water consumption, 48–75% of wastewater reuse, and 28–63% of chemicals has
been removed. It was also claimed that the potential payback period would be
between 24 and 60 months.
Hypothesis H9: Identifying the role of MCDM approach is positively related to firm
performance.
12.3.10 Nanotechnology Applicability in Industrial
Wastewater Treatment
Dyes and pigments are the most commonly used organic compounds in the textile
industry. It was estimated that around 7 Â 10
5 tons of dyes were produced annually
to meet the demand of the clothing industry worldwide. This shows the everincreasing demand for apparel in the world market. It was also estimated that around
15–20% of these organic compounds are discharged in the effluents during dyeing
operation. This will not only raise environmental pollution but also lead to
nanoesthetic pollution. It was also noticed that dyes of nanoparticles in the waste
body do not allow the sunrays to fall deep inside the water and, in turn, result in
12 An Overview of Sustainability of Textile Wastewater Management in Textile. . .
297