12.3.4 Feasible Approaches for Sustainable Recycling
and Utilization of Solid Wastes
It was estimated that around 6.6 gigatons of cement was consumed in China alone
from 2011 to 2013. The consumption was 4.5 gigatons more compared to the United
States in nearly 100 years between 1901 and 2000, which took nearly 100 years to
generate the same CO 2 by the United States, while China could generate the same
amount from 2011 to 2013, respectively. This necessitates using more recycled
materials in the construction industry to avoid depletion of the ozone layer and
global warming. A combined Taguchi–response surface methodology (RSM) technique was adopted by Zhang et al. (2019) to synthesize the extracted recycled
aggregates to be used in the construction industry. The study was focused on the
recycling of different proportions of more elegant and coarse aggregates to be
reused. It was noticed that 35% of recycled aggregates with 6% of finer aggregates
can be combined in stringent conditions. On the other hand, 70% of recycled
aggregates can be blended with 30% of finer aggregates in non-stringent conditions.
The study also revealed that adopting such techniques would yield revenue of
12 billion dollars in 10 years and can reduce CO 2 emission up to 50.1 Â 10
6 kg.
A study reveals not only the method to be adopted to recycle the municipal solid
waste but also an innovative method for its disposal by utilizing an integrated
network that would also earn a profit. A case study was carried out by Harijani
et al. (2017) in Tehran regarding the disposal of solid waste by effectively utilizing
innovative methods. The disposal of these solid wastes became necessary to avoid
contamination of resources of water, soil, as well as air. A model based on mixedinteger programming was used ineffectively (i) to understand the capacity of each
location, (ii) to allocate the solid waste according to their capacity, and (iii) to
distribute solid waste based on capacity, followed by recycling. This model has
been implemented in the city of Tehran, Iran, and it was estimated to earn a profit of
43.49 million USD in 5 years. The results of the model were also compared to
analyze sustainability. The model 1 selected for comparison resulted in a loss of
308.6 USD, followed by 362.80 USD for model 2.
Kroll and Hoyer (2019) developed an in-house recycling machine having innovative technology. Sustainability can be implemented in those areas where waste
product is available in abundance. However, waste product out of technical elastomers is nearly 20%; adopting such technology in the recycling of fewer waste
products seems to be noneconomic. In-house recycling machine, renamed as
Reaktruder, was based on the intense redesign of existing machines, and it is capable
of converting a least 60% of waste into a reusable product with reduced power
consumption. According to the authors, Reaktruder is best suitable for small- and
medium-scale enterprises and has been installed across Europe. With the decreased
investment, Reaktruder can bring profit in about 1500 h, as said by authors.
An article reported by Wang et al. (2019) highlights the recycling treatment
involved in waste generated from the construction and demolition sector to transform that into ultrahigh-performance concrete. A technique based on Andreasen and
12 An Overview of Sustainability of Textile Wastewater Management in Textile. . .
289
and Utilization of Solid Wastes
It was estimated that around 6.6 gigatons of cement was consumed in China alone
from 2011 to 2013. The consumption was 4.5 gigatons more compared to the United
States in nearly 100 years between 1901 and 2000, which took nearly 100 years to
generate the same CO 2 by the United States, while China could generate the same
amount from 2011 to 2013, respectively. This necessitates using more recycled
materials in the construction industry to avoid depletion of the ozone layer and
global warming. A combined Taguchi–response surface methodology (RSM) technique was adopted by Zhang et al. (2019) to synthesize the extracted recycled
aggregates to be used in the construction industry. The study was focused on the
recycling of different proportions of more elegant and coarse aggregates to be
reused. It was noticed that 35% of recycled aggregates with 6% of finer aggregates
can be combined in stringent conditions. On the other hand, 70% of recycled
aggregates can be blended with 30% of finer aggregates in non-stringent conditions.
The study also revealed that adopting such techniques would yield revenue of
12 billion dollars in 10 years and can reduce CO 2 emission up to 50.1 Â 10
6 kg.
A study reveals not only the method to be adopted to recycle the municipal solid
waste but also an innovative method for its disposal by utilizing an integrated
network that would also earn a profit. A case study was carried out by Harijani
et al. (2017) in Tehran regarding the disposal of solid waste by effectively utilizing
innovative methods. The disposal of these solid wastes became necessary to avoid
contamination of resources of water, soil, as well as air. A model based on mixedinteger programming was used ineffectively (i) to understand the capacity of each
location, (ii) to allocate the solid waste according to their capacity, and (iii) to
distribute solid waste based on capacity, followed by recycling. This model has
been implemented in the city of Tehran, Iran, and it was estimated to earn a profit of
43.49 million USD in 5 years. The results of the model were also compared to
analyze sustainability. The model 1 selected for comparison resulted in a loss of
308.6 USD, followed by 362.80 USD for model 2.
Kroll and Hoyer (2019) developed an in-house recycling machine having innovative technology. Sustainability can be implemented in those areas where waste
product is available in abundance. However, waste product out of technical elastomers is nearly 20%; adopting such technology in the recycling of fewer waste
products seems to be noneconomic. In-house recycling machine, renamed as
Reaktruder, was based on the intense redesign of existing machines, and it is capable
of converting a least 60% of waste into a reusable product with reduced power
consumption. According to the authors, Reaktruder is best suitable for small- and
medium-scale enterprises and has been installed across Europe. With the decreased
investment, Reaktruder can bring profit in about 1500 h, as said by authors.
An article reported by Wang et al. (2019) highlights the recycling treatment
involved in waste generated from the construction and demolition sector to transform that into ultrahigh-performance concrete. A technique based on Andreasen and
12 An Overview of Sustainability of Textile Wastewater Management in Textile. . .
289