(MLD) of wastewater are generated by the urban population, and 38,791 MLD rest
untreated. The per capita wastewater generation by the class I cities and class II
towns, representing 72% of the urban population in India, has been estimated to be
around 98 liters per capita per day (lpcd). The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization estimated that out of the total water supplied for
domestic use, a major portion (70–80%) is discharged as wastewater. According to
the CPCB (2007) report, Maharashtra, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and
Gujarat are the major contributors of 63% wastewater generation. As per the
study, only 3.42 billion cubic meter (BCM) industrial wastewater was utilized for
agricultural productivity in India, and this estimation is 1/30 of Japan and Republic
of Korea utilization (Van-Rooijen et al. 2008). Bhardwaj (2005) projection for 2050
revealed 48.2 BCM (132 billion per day) wastewater would be generated. Thus, in
the coming years, due to increased population and industrialization, there will be
major problems of reduced freshwater availability as well as increased wastewater
generation (Boretti and Rosa 2019).
The unprocessed and non-treated urban and domestic wastewater loaded with
organic and bacterial contamination is responsible for the degraded condition of both
surface and groundwater (Durán–Álvarez and Jiménez–Cisneros 2014). Wastewater
is a cocktail of both essential and nonessential nutrients, microbes, heavy metals, and
many emerging pollutants. Its properties are derived by many factors, place of
generation, surroundings, environment, climatic factor, etc. Many countries have
their agency to recommend the limits of irrigational water quality criteria and
monitor the quality of effluent from sources.
8.3 Physicochemical and Biological Properties
of Wastewater
Properties of wastewater are shaped by the result of its inputs. Inputs depend on
multiple anthropogenic activities, which produce wastewater in different means
either in the form of domestic or commercial and industrial. Several factors extrapolate the quantity, characterization, and composition of urban wastewater such as
levels of domestic and industrial effluents and sewer system as well as treatment
systems. The lifestyle of inhabitants and standard of living also affect the characteristics of wastewater (Henze and Comeau 2008).
Physicochemical characterization of wastewater evaluation is based on numerous
parameters, for instance, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, dissolved solids,
suspended solids (SS), salinity, sodium absorption rate (SAR), biological oxygen
demand, chemical oxygen demand, sodium, potassium, total nitrogen, and total
phosphorus. Standard parameters that are not restricted in wastewater reuse for
irrigation are as follows: pH 6.0–9.0 (US EPA 2012), suspended solids 30 mg/L
(US EPA 2012), maximum sodium absorption ratio is 26 (CPCB 2011), BOD
10 mg/L (US EPA 2012), fecal coliform restricted till 2 Â 10
2 CFU/100 mL
180
Monika et al.
untreated. The per capita wastewater generation by the class I cities and class II
towns, representing 72% of the urban population in India, has been estimated to be
around 98 liters per capita per day (lpcd). The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization estimated that out of the total water supplied for
domestic use, a major portion (70–80%) is discharged as wastewater. According to
the CPCB (2007) report, Maharashtra, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and
Gujarat are the major contributors of 63% wastewater generation. As per the
study, only 3.42 billion cubic meter (BCM) industrial wastewater was utilized for
agricultural productivity in India, and this estimation is 1/30 of Japan and Republic
of Korea utilization (Van-Rooijen et al. 2008). Bhardwaj (2005) projection for 2050
revealed 48.2 BCM (132 billion per day) wastewater would be generated. Thus, in
the coming years, due to increased population and industrialization, there will be
major problems of reduced freshwater availability as well as increased wastewater
generation (Boretti and Rosa 2019).
The unprocessed and non-treated urban and domestic wastewater loaded with
organic and bacterial contamination is responsible for the degraded condition of both
surface and groundwater (Durán–Álvarez and Jiménez–Cisneros 2014). Wastewater
is a cocktail of both essential and nonessential nutrients, microbes, heavy metals, and
many emerging pollutants. Its properties are derived by many factors, place of
generation, surroundings, environment, climatic factor, etc. Many countries have
their agency to recommend the limits of irrigational water quality criteria and
monitor the quality of effluent from sources.
8.3 Physicochemical and Biological Properties
of Wastewater
Properties of wastewater are shaped by the result of its inputs. Inputs depend on
multiple anthropogenic activities, which produce wastewater in different means
either in the form of domestic or commercial and industrial. Several factors extrapolate the quantity, characterization, and composition of urban wastewater such as
levels of domestic and industrial effluents and sewer system as well as treatment
systems. The lifestyle of inhabitants and standard of living also affect the characteristics of wastewater (Henze and Comeau 2008).
Physicochemical characterization of wastewater evaluation is based on numerous
parameters, for instance, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, dissolved solids,
suspended solids (SS), salinity, sodium absorption rate (SAR), biological oxygen
demand, chemical oxygen demand, sodium, potassium, total nitrogen, and total
phosphorus. Standard parameters that are not restricted in wastewater reuse for
irrigation are as follows: pH 6.0–9.0 (US EPA 2012), suspended solids 30 mg/L
(US EPA 2012), maximum sodium absorption ratio is 26 (CPCB 2011), BOD
10 mg/L (US EPA 2012), fecal coliform restricted till 2 Â 10
2 CFU/100 mL
180
Monika et al.