provide crisp information to all the researchers globally, to solve the different issues
related to wastewater irrigation as well as how to enhance their beneficial role for
irrigational purpose.
8.2 Global Framework on the Utilization of Wastewater
Currently, over 80% of the wastewater generated globally flows back into the
ecosystem without being treated or reused (WWAP 2017). Untreated wastewaterirrigated land is ten times larger than the area using treated wastewater (Drechsel and
Evans 2010). According to Chopra and Pathak (2015), global wastewater discharge
is 400 billion m
3 /year, and it pollutes ~5500 billion m
3 of water per year. The
wastewater disposal is done by utilizing it in agriculture for centuries in many cities
such as Milan, London, Paris, and Berlin (AATSE 2004). However, this type of
wastewater disposal is more important in water-scarce region. According to
FAO-AQUASTAT (2012), 11.37 km
3 /year wastewater was treated in the year
1993 in Japan, whereas according to World Bank (2012) estimation, wastewater
treatment in Japan had increased upto14.65 km
3
/year. Nyachhyon (2006) found that
0.351 km
3 /year volume of wastewater was generated in Nepal but only 2.01 per ha
area has been irrigated with untreated water (AQUASTAT 2012). According to
UNMIK (2003) report, 167,000 m
3 /year of raw sewage was recorded in Kosova. In
Spain 3.16 km
3 /year was treated, but only 0.368 km
3 /year was used (National
Statistics Institute, Spain 2012). Out of the total national vegetable production,
26% was irrigated with wastewater in Pakistan (Ensink et al. 2002). In Hanoi,
Vietnam, a total of 80% of vegetables is grown by using wastewater from urban
and peri-urban areas (Lai 2000a, b). Keraita and Drechsel (2004) estimated
11,500 ha area is irrigated with diluted wastewater in Ghana. In Mexico, about
260,000 ha were irrigated with untreated wastewater (Mexico CAN 2004). The
World Health Organization declared that around 20 million hectares of area are
irrigated using untreated wastewater throughout the globe (WHO 2006). In Mexico,
China, India, and Pakistan, for instance, large areas exist where untreated wastewater
recycles in agricultural irrigation from a considerable time (Jimenez and Asano
2008). India is a country with a large population, so it discharges a significant
amount of wastewater and stands in the queue of those nations who reuse the
water in agriculture.
India is moving toward the deepwater crisis, and it is an alarming situation for the
nation (UNICEF FAO 2013). Now time is knocking our door to take a few steps
urgently for remediating this miserable situation. The World Bank (2019) predicts a
terrific water crisis across many parts of this country by 2050. India would start
battling for a withdrawal of 40% of the renewable surface water resources. The rapid
expansion of cities and the discharge of gray/wastewater grow up in the same
proportion. The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
estimated that out of the total water supplied for domestic use about 70–80% gets
generated as wastewater. As per CPCB (2016), about 61,754 million liters per day
8 Application of Wastewater in Irrigation and Its Regulation with Special. . .
179
related to wastewater irrigation as well as how to enhance their beneficial role for
irrigational purpose.
8.2 Global Framework on the Utilization of Wastewater
Currently, over 80% of the wastewater generated globally flows back into the
ecosystem without being treated or reused (WWAP 2017). Untreated wastewaterirrigated land is ten times larger than the area using treated wastewater (Drechsel and
Evans 2010). According to Chopra and Pathak (2015), global wastewater discharge
is 400 billion m
3 /year, and it pollutes ~5500 billion m
3 of water per year. The
wastewater disposal is done by utilizing it in agriculture for centuries in many cities
such as Milan, London, Paris, and Berlin (AATSE 2004). However, this type of
wastewater disposal is more important in water-scarce region. According to
FAO-AQUASTAT (2012), 11.37 km
3 /year wastewater was treated in the year
1993 in Japan, whereas according to World Bank (2012) estimation, wastewater
treatment in Japan had increased upto14.65 km
3
/year. Nyachhyon (2006) found that
0.351 km
3 /year volume of wastewater was generated in Nepal but only 2.01 per ha
area has been irrigated with untreated water (AQUASTAT 2012). According to
UNMIK (2003) report, 167,000 m
3 /year of raw sewage was recorded in Kosova. In
Spain 3.16 km
3 /year was treated, but only 0.368 km
3 /year was used (National
Statistics Institute, Spain 2012). Out of the total national vegetable production,
26% was irrigated with wastewater in Pakistan (Ensink et al. 2002). In Hanoi,
Vietnam, a total of 80% of vegetables is grown by using wastewater from urban
and peri-urban areas (Lai 2000a, b). Keraita and Drechsel (2004) estimated
11,500 ha area is irrigated with diluted wastewater in Ghana. In Mexico, about
260,000 ha were irrigated with untreated wastewater (Mexico CAN 2004). The
World Health Organization declared that around 20 million hectares of area are
irrigated using untreated wastewater throughout the globe (WHO 2006). In Mexico,
China, India, and Pakistan, for instance, large areas exist where untreated wastewater
recycles in agricultural irrigation from a considerable time (Jimenez and Asano
2008). India is a country with a large population, so it discharges a significant
amount of wastewater and stands in the queue of those nations who reuse the
water in agriculture.
India is moving toward the deepwater crisis, and it is an alarming situation for the
nation (UNICEF FAO 2013). Now time is knocking our door to take a few steps
urgently for remediating this miserable situation. The World Bank (2019) predicts a
terrific water crisis across many parts of this country by 2050. India would start
battling for a withdrawal of 40% of the renewable surface water resources. The rapid
expansion of cities and the discharge of gray/wastewater grow up in the same
proportion. The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
estimated that out of the total water supplied for domestic use about 70–80% gets
generated as wastewater. As per CPCB (2016), about 61,754 million liters per day
8 Application of Wastewater in Irrigation and Its Regulation with Special. . .
179