starch milk is predominantly proteinaceous (Wang et al. 2016). Moreover, nitrogenous sources exist in the form of hazardous heterocyclic aromatic nitrogen compounds, such as pyridine, quinoline, etc. (Padoley et al. 2008). Coal processing
industries generate appreciable fraction of pyridine and quinoline as its derivatives
(Shi et al. 2019).
7.2.2 Inorganic Wastes
Manure originating from poultry farming and cattle rearing contributes ammonia in
wastewater (Wang et al. 2014). Similarly, aquaculture wastewater also carries
nitrogen in the form of NH 3 , NO
À
2 , and NO
À
3 coming out from the excreta of fisheries
and from decomposition of dead fishes (Yin et al. 2018;Li et al. 2019). Some fish
processing industries also reported the presence of ammonia in fishery wastewater
(Technical Report Series FREMP 1994). Agro-based industries and olive mill
wastewater contribute to significant amount of total nitrogen in wastewater (van
der Wiel et al. 2019; Achak et al. 2019). Coke oven wastewater generated from steel
industries is also rich in ammonia, in addition to toxic pollutants such as phenol and
cyanide (Tyagi et al. 2018).
7.3 Conventional Processes for Removal
of Nitrogenous Waste
Finding an appropriate technique for removal of nitrogenous waste produced from
wastewater has become a key concern across the world. When these compounds
reach water bodies, it leads to eutrophication and inhibits growth of microorganisms.
Therefore, there is need to explore cost-effective removal techniques for these
nitrogenous wastes.
7.3.1 Physical Processes
Nitrogenous waste present in water and wastewater can be removed by physical,
chemical, and biological processes. Physical processes include filtration techniques
such as reverse osmosis (Afonso et al. 2004), ion exchange (Karanasios et al. 2010),
and electrodialysis (Strathmann 2010; Abdel-Shafy et al. 2016; Quist-Jensen et al.
2017). The aforementioned processes involve transfer of nitrogenous contaminants
from one phase to another without undergoing any conversion or decomposition of
the parent material. Physical processes are applicable to low molecular weight
150
P. Chawley et al.
industries generate appreciable fraction of pyridine and quinoline as its derivatives
(Shi et al. 2019).
7.2.2 Inorganic Wastes
Manure originating from poultry farming and cattle rearing contributes ammonia in
wastewater (Wang et al. 2014). Similarly, aquaculture wastewater also carries
nitrogen in the form of NH 3 , NO
À
2 , and NO
À
3 coming out from the excreta of fisheries
and from decomposition of dead fishes (Yin et al. 2018;Li et al. 2019). Some fish
processing industries also reported the presence of ammonia in fishery wastewater
(Technical Report Series FREMP 1994). Agro-based industries and olive mill
wastewater contribute to significant amount of total nitrogen in wastewater (van
der Wiel et al. 2019; Achak et al. 2019). Coke oven wastewater generated from steel
industries is also rich in ammonia, in addition to toxic pollutants such as phenol and
cyanide (Tyagi et al. 2018).
7.3 Conventional Processes for Removal
of Nitrogenous Waste
Finding an appropriate technique for removal of nitrogenous waste produced from
wastewater has become a key concern across the world. When these compounds
reach water bodies, it leads to eutrophication and inhibits growth of microorganisms.
Therefore, there is need to explore cost-effective removal techniques for these
nitrogenous wastes.
7.3.1 Physical Processes
Nitrogenous waste present in water and wastewater can be removed by physical,
chemical, and biological processes. Physical processes include filtration techniques
such as reverse osmosis (Afonso et al. 2004), ion exchange (Karanasios et al. 2010),
and electrodialysis (Strathmann 2010; Abdel-Shafy et al. 2016; Quist-Jensen et al.
2017). The aforementioned processes involve transfer of nitrogenous contaminants
from one phase to another without undergoing any conversion or decomposition of
the parent material. Physical processes are applicable to low molecular weight
150
P. Chawley et al.