81
yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis (Naumann, 1840) along the northern coast of Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:266–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5730-x
Santos CS, Loureiro S, Sotillo A, Müller W, Stienen EW, De Neve L, Lens L, Monteiro MS
(2019) Assay optimisation and age-related baseline variation in biochemical markers in
Lesser Black-backed gulls. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 172:246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2019.01.084
Saravi SSS, Shokrzadeh M (2011) Role of pesticides in human life in the modern age: a review.
In: Stoytcheva M (ed) Pesticides in the modern world-risks and benefits. InTech Open Science
Sauer JR, Hines JE, Thomas I, Fallon J, Gough G (2000) The North American breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966–1999. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel
Schafer EW, Bowles WA, Hurlbut J (1983) The acute oral toxicity, repellency, and hazard potential
of 998 chemicals to one or more species of wild and domestic birds. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol 12(3):355–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01059413
Sekercioglu CH, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR (2004) Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 101:18042–18047
Shahzad A, Khan A, Khan MZ, Mahmood F, Gul ST, Saleemi MK (2015) Immuno-pathologic
effects of oral administration of chlorpyrifos in broiler chicks. J Immuno Toxicol 12:16–23.
https://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2013.866706
Shimshoni JA, Evgeny E, Lublin A, Cuneah O, King R, Horowitz I, Shlosberg A (2012)
Determination of brain cholinesterase activity in normal and pesticide exposed wild birds in
Israel. Israel J Vet Med 67:214–219
Singh BP, Singhal L, Chauhan RS (2007) Immunotoxicity of carbaryl in chicken. Indian J Exp
Biol 45:890–895
Skagen SK (2006) Migration stopovers and the conservation of arctic-breeding calidridine sandpipers. Auk 123:313–322. https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.2.313
Skagen SK, Knopf FL (1993) Toward conservation of mid continental shorebird migrations.
Conserv Biol 7:533–541. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030533.x
Skagen SK, Brown S, Johnson R (2005) Implications of different shorebird migration strategies
for habitat conservation. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep PSWGTR-191. https://www.fs.fed.us/
psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/psw_gtr191_0680-0683_skagen.pdf
Smith Gregory J (1987) Pesticide use and toxicology in relation to wildlife: organophosphorus
and carbamate compounds. All US Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) 510
Smith MR, Thomas NJ, Hulse C (1995) Application of brain cholinesterase reactivation to differentiate between organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in wild birds. J Wildl Dis
31:263–267. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.2.263
Smits JEG, Fernie KJ (2013) Avian wildlife as sentinels of ecosystem health. Comp Immunol
Microbiol Infect Dis 36:333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2012.11.007
Stafford TR, Best LB, Fischer DL (1996) Effects of different formulations of granular pesticides
on birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1606–1611. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150926
Stoker TE, Goldman JM, Cooper RL (1993) The dithiocarbamate fungicide thiram disrupts
the hormonal control of ovulation in the female rat. Reprod Toxicol 7:211–218. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0890-6238(93)90226-W
Strum KM, Alfaro M, Haase B, Hooper MJ, Johnson KA, Lanctot RB, Zaccagnini ME (2008)
Plasma cholinesterases for monitoring pesticide exposure in Nearctic-Neotropical migratory
shorebirds. Ornitol Neotrop 19:641–651
Tattersall A (1991) How many dead birds are enough? Cancellation of diazinon uses in Golf
courses. J Pestic Reform 11:15–16
Testai E, Buratti FM, Consiglio ED (2010) Chlorpyrifos. In: Krieger RI, Doull J, van Hemmen JJ,
Hodgson E, Maibach HI, Ritter L, Ross J, Slikker W (eds) Handbook of pesticide toxicology, vol
2. Elsevier, Burlington, pp 1505–1526. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374367-1.00070-7
Timchalk C (2010) Organophosphorus insecticide pharmacokinetics. In: Krieger RI, Doull
J, van Hemmen JJ, Hodgson E, Maibach HI, Ritter L, Ross J, Slikker W (eds) Handbook
3 Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Avian Fauna
yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis (Naumann, 1840) along the northern coast of Portugal.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 23:266–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5730-x
Santos CS, Loureiro S, Sotillo A, Müller W, Stienen EW, De Neve L, Lens L, Monteiro MS
(2019) Assay optimisation and age-related baseline variation in biochemical markers in
Lesser Black-backed gulls. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 172:246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ecoenv.2019.01.084
Saravi SSS, Shokrzadeh M (2011) Role of pesticides in human life in the modern age: a review.
In: Stoytcheva M (ed) Pesticides in the modern world-risks and benefits. InTech Open Science
Sauer JR, Hines JE, Thomas I, Fallon J, Gough G (2000) The North American breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966–1999. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel
Schafer EW, Bowles WA, Hurlbut J (1983) The acute oral toxicity, repellency, and hazard potential
of 998 chemicals to one or more species of wild and domestic birds. Arch Environ Contam
Toxicol 12(3):355–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01059413
Sekercioglu CH, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR (2004) Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 101:18042–18047
Shahzad A, Khan A, Khan MZ, Mahmood F, Gul ST, Saleemi MK (2015) Immuno-pathologic
effects of oral administration of chlorpyrifos in broiler chicks. J Immuno Toxicol 12:16–23.
https://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2013.866706
Shimshoni JA, Evgeny E, Lublin A, Cuneah O, King R, Horowitz I, Shlosberg A (2012)
Determination of brain cholinesterase activity in normal and pesticide exposed wild birds in
Israel. Israel J Vet Med 67:214–219
Singh BP, Singhal L, Chauhan RS (2007) Immunotoxicity of carbaryl in chicken. Indian J Exp
Biol 45:890–895
Skagen SK (2006) Migration stopovers and the conservation of arctic-breeding calidridine sandpipers. Auk 123:313–322. https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.2.313
Skagen SK, Knopf FL (1993) Toward conservation of mid continental shorebird migrations.
Conserv Biol 7:533–541. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.07030533.x
Skagen SK, Brown S, Johnson R (2005) Implications of different shorebird migration strategies
for habitat conservation. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep PSWGTR-191. https://www.fs.fed.us/
psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/psw_gtr191_0680-0683_skagen.pdf
Smith Gregory J (1987) Pesticide use and toxicology in relation to wildlife: organophosphorus
and carbamate compounds. All US Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository) 510
Smith MR, Thomas NJ, Hulse C (1995) Application of brain cholinesterase reactivation to differentiate between organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide exposure in wild birds. J Wildl Dis
31:263–267. https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-31.2.263
Smits JEG, Fernie KJ (2013) Avian wildlife as sentinels of ecosystem health. Comp Immunol
Microbiol Infect Dis 36:333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2012.11.007
Stafford TR, Best LB, Fischer DL (1996) Effects of different formulations of granular pesticides
on birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 15:1606–1611. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150926
Stoker TE, Goldman JM, Cooper RL (1993) The dithiocarbamate fungicide thiram disrupts
the hormonal control of ovulation in the female rat. Reprod Toxicol 7:211–218. https://doi.
org/10.1016/0890-6238(93)90226-W
Strum KM, Alfaro M, Haase B, Hooper MJ, Johnson KA, Lanctot RB, Zaccagnini ME (2008)
Plasma cholinesterases for monitoring pesticide exposure in Nearctic-Neotropical migratory
shorebirds. Ornitol Neotrop 19:641–651
Tattersall A (1991) How many dead birds are enough? Cancellation of diazinon uses in Golf
courses. J Pestic Reform 11:15–16
Testai E, Buratti FM, Consiglio ED (2010) Chlorpyrifos. In: Krieger RI, Doull J, van Hemmen JJ,
Hodgson E, Maibach HI, Ritter L, Ross J, Slikker W (eds) Handbook of pesticide toxicology, vol
2. Elsevier, Burlington, pp 1505–1526. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374367-1.00070-7
Timchalk C (2010) Organophosphorus insecticide pharmacokinetics. In: Krieger RI, Doull
J, van Hemmen JJ, Hodgson E, Maibach HI, Ritter L, Ross J, Slikker W (eds) Handbook
3 Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Avian Fauna