73
programs that could train and motivate the farmers to take up the contemporary
integrated pest management (IPM) strategies may reduce the negative impact of
pesticides to our environment which may lead to discontinuing our anthropogenic
legacy of silent spring.
Acknowledgements Authors are willing to sincerely acknowledge Principal, Bankura Christian
College, Director, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India. The authors apologize for
the many colleagues who are not referenced in this work due to space limitations.
Compliance with Ethical Standard
Conflict of Interest: There is no conflict of interest between any authors to publish this review
article.
Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by
any of the authors.
References
Abass KS (2014) A method for fast assessment of OP/CB exposure in the Japanese quail (Coturnix
japonica) using combined esterases enzyme activity as biomarkers. Enzyme Res 2014. https://
doi.org/10.1155/2014/812302
Abdollahi MA, Ranjbar A, Shadnia S, Nikfar S, Rezaiee A (2004) Pesticides and oxidative stress: a
review. Med Sci Monit 10:141–147. http://www.MedSciMonit.com/pub/vol_10/no_6/4163.pdf
Agriculture Canada (1993) Special review of carbofuran insecticide: effects on avian fauna and
value to agriculture. Plant Industry Directorate, Ottawa
Alanna M (2014) 1,300 Bird species facing extinction signal threats to human health climate
change and chemicals like pesticides are driving the crisis. Environ Health News. http://news.
nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140825-bird-environment-chemical-contaminantclimate-change-science-winged-warning/
Alharbi HA, Letcher RJ, Mineau P, Chen D, Chu S (2016) Organophosphate pesticide method
development and presence of chlorpyrifos in the feet of nearctic-neotropical migratory
songbirds from Canada that over-winter in Central America agricultural areas. Chemosphere
144:827–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.052
Almeida AD, Couto HT, Almeida ÁF (2010) Camouflaging of seeds treated with pesticides mitigates the mortality of wild birds in wheat and rice crops. Sci Agric 67:176–182. https://doi.
org/10.1590/S0103-90162010000200008
Amani N, Soodi M, Daraei B, Dashti A (2016) Chlorpyrifos toxicity in mouse cultured cerebellar granule neurons at different stages of development: Additive effect on glutamate-induced
excitotoxicity. Cell Journal 18(3):464–472. https://doi.org/10.22074/cellj.2016.4575
American Bird Conservancy (2009) 1731 Connecticutavenue, NW, Washington, DC. 20009
202-234-7181
Andersen HR, Vinggaard AM, Rasmussen TH, Gjermandsen IM, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC (2002)
Effects of currently used pesticides in assays for estrogenicity, androgenicity, and aromatase
activity in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 179(1):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9347
Barata C, Fabregat MC, Cotín J, Huertas D, Solé M, Quirós L, Sanpera C, Jover L, Ruiz X, Grimalt
JO, Piña B (2010) Blood biomarkers and contaminant levels in feathers and eggs to assess environmental hazards in heron nestlings from impacted sites in Ebro basin (NE Spain). Environ
Pollut 158(3):704–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.018
Barnett JB, Rodgers KE (1994) Pesticides. In: Dean JH, Luster MI, Munson AE, Kimber I (eds)
Immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology. Raven Press, New York
3 Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Avian Fauna
programs that could train and motivate the farmers to take up the contemporary
integrated pest management (IPM) strategies may reduce the negative impact of
pesticides to our environment which may lead to discontinuing our anthropogenic
legacy of silent spring.
Acknowledgements Authors are willing to sincerely acknowledge Principal, Bankura Christian
College, Director, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India. The authors apologize for
the many colleagues who are not referenced in this work due to space limitations.
Compliance with Ethical Standard
Conflict of Interest: There is no conflict of interest between any authors to publish this review
article.
Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by
any of the authors.
References
Abass KS (2014) A method for fast assessment of OP/CB exposure in the Japanese quail (Coturnix
japonica) using combined esterases enzyme activity as biomarkers. Enzyme Res 2014. https://
doi.org/10.1155/2014/812302
Abdollahi MA, Ranjbar A, Shadnia S, Nikfar S, Rezaiee A (2004) Pesticides and oxidative stress: a
review. Med Sci Monit 10:141–147. http://www.MedSciMonit.com/pub/vol_10/no_6/4163.pdf
Agriculture Canada (1993) Special review of carbofuran insecticide: effects on avian fauna and
value to agriculture. Plant Industry Directorate, Ottawa
Alanna M (2014) 1,300 Bird species facing extinction signal threats to human health climate
change and chemicals like pesticides are driving the crisis. Environ Health News. http://news.
nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140825-bird-environment-chemical-contaminantclimate-change-science-winged-warning/
Alharbi HA, Letcher RJ, Mineau P, Chen D, Chu S (2016) Organophosphate pesticide method
development and presence of chlorpyrifos in the feet of nearctic-neotropical migratory
songbirds from Canada that over-winter in Central America agricultural areas. Chemosphere
144:827–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.052
Almeida AD, Couto HT, Almeida ÁF (2010) Camouflaging of seeds treated with pesticides mitigates the mortality of wild birds in wheat and rice crops. Sci Agric 67:176–182. https://doi.
org/10.1590/S0103-90162010000200008
Amani N, Soodi M, Daraei B, Dashti A (2016) Chlorpyrifos toxicity in mouse cultured cerebellar granule neurons at different stages of development: Additive effect on glutamate-induced
excitotoxicity. Cell Journal 18(3):464–472. https://doi.org/10.22074/cellj.2016.4575
American Bird Conservancy (2009) 1731 Connecticutavenue, NW, Washington, DC. 20009
202-234-7181
Andersen HR, Vinggaard AM, Rasmussen TH, Gjermandsen IM, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC (2002)
Effects of currently used pesticides in assays for estrogenicity, androgenicity, and aromatase
activity in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 179(1):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9347
Barata C, Fabregat MC, Cotín J, Huertas D, Solé M, Quirós L, Sanpera C, Jover L, Ruiz X, Grimalt
JO, Piña B (2010) Blood biomarkers and contaminant levels in feathers and eggs to assess environmental hazards in heron nestlings from impacted sites in Ebro basin (NE Spain). Environ
Pollut 158(3):704–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.018
Barnett JB, Rodgers KE (1994) Pesticides. In: Dean JH, Luster MI, Munson AE, Kimber I (eds)
Immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology. Raven Press, New York
3 Toxic Effects of Pesticides on Avian Fauna