advantages which include increased hydrolysis rate, wider carbon sources, lesser
microbial contamination, decrease in cooling costs and facilitating downstream
product recovery. They can also be used for metabolic engineering as they provide
many thermostable genes. Thermophile such as Clostridium thermocellum is an
anaerobic CBP microorganism which is capable of degrading and fermenting crystalline cellulose to ethanol. One such anaerobic thermophile is
Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum that can form various fermentation products like ethanol, acetate, butyrate, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, etc. Development of
new technologies has improved the bioethanol production and a concerted effort is
required to further improve the developed technology and overcome the challenges
which include maintenance of a stable performance by genetically engineered
microorganisms. Development of new productive technologies is also required so
as to achieve improvement in processing and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass
(Sheoran at al. 1998; Soccol et al. 2019).
2.6 Microbiological Production of Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless and most abundant gas present in the atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is considered as an ideal energy carrier. As a fuel it is one of
the most promising fuels. It has high energy yield (120–142.9 MJ/kg) than other
hydrocarbon fuels. Upon combustion there are no greenhouse gas emissions as water
vapour is the combustion product. Its advantages are use of organic waste, less
energy input, sustainability, reduced global carbon dioxide emissions, eco-friendly
and also the efficiency as fuel in vehicles is 35–50% which is higher than the
traditional fuels (Rojo 2008).
Biological hydrogen process is a process technology which involves the production of hydrogen using microorganisms. The process is more efficient as the reaction
occurs at atmospheric temperature and pressure and consumes less energy.
2.6.1 Substrate Involved in Fermentation
Substrate particularly starch and/or cellulose-rich or carbohydrate-rich are required
for biohydrogen production. Industrial effluents and biomass of dairy, bakery can be
used as raw material.
Other substrates include agriculture products, waste biomass and lignocellulosic
material.
2 Application of Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
49
microbial contamination, decrease in cooling costs and facilitating downstream
product recovery. They can also be used for metabolic engineering as they provide
many thermostable genes. Thermophile such as Clostridium thermocellum is an
anaerobic CBP microorganism which is capable of degrading and fermenting crystalline cellulose to ethanol. One such anaerobic thermophile is
Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum that can form various fermentation products like ethanol, acetate, butyrate, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, etc. Development of
new technologies has improved the bioethanol production and a concerted effort is
required to further improve the developed technology and overcome the challenges
which include maintenance of a stable performance by genetically engineered
microorganisms. Development of new productive technologies is also required so
as to achieve improvement in processing and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass
(Sheoran at al. 1998; Soccol et al. 2019).
2.6 Microbiological Production of Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless and most abundant gas present in the atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is considered as an ideal energy carrier. As a fuel it is one of
the most promising fuels. It has high energy yield (120–142.9 MJ/kg) than other
hydrocarbon fuels. Upon combustion there are no greenhouse gas emissions as water
vapour is the combustion product. Its advantages are use of organic waste, less
energy input, sustainability, reduced global carbon dioxide emissions, eco-friendly
and also the efficiency as fuel in vehicles is 35–50% which is higher than the
traditional fuels (Rojo 2008).
Biological hydrogen process is a process technology which involves the production of hydrogen using microorganisms. The process is more efficient as the reaction
occurs at atmospheric temperature and pressure and consumes less energy.
2.6.1 Substrate Involved in Fermentation
Substrate particularly starch and/or cellulose-rich or carbohydrate-rich are required
for biohydrogen production. Industrial effluents and biomass of dairy, bakery can be
used as raw material.
Other substrates include agriculture products, waste biomass and lignocellulosic
material.
2 Application of Microorganisms for Biofuel Production
49