process components in chemical production processes. The application of pressure,
chemical, or thermal membrane systems such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration
(UF), nanofiltration (NF), pervaporation (PV), and membrane distillation (MD) is
used in biorefining processes. The final phase of downstream purification and
bioethanol processing using microporous membrane distillation can be implemented
with ease (Pal et al. 2018). Utilizing microporous hydrophobic membranes including
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polypropylene, membrane distillation for the final step of downstream purification and
bioethanol recovery can be successfully applied (Kumar et al. 2019; Lipnizki 2010).
Ohmic-Assisted Hydrodistillation
The term ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) relates to a section system for
ohmic heaters and condensers. While the latter uses energy volumetrically (based on
Joule’s law), this collects and settles the heating section vapor produced. The key
areas of the ohmic heater section are the source of energy, the electrodes, and a
non-electroconductive chamber (flask) (Gavahian et al. 2019) This basic design can
be combined with many other segments such as safety systems, variable transformers for controlling input power, frequency and variable transformers, data
acquisition systems, thermocouples, voltmeter, and other sensors (Aditiya et al.
2016).
1.2.1.4 Diffusion Distillation
Initially, diffusion method was introduced by Fullarton and Schlünder (1986) who
suggested diffusion separation technique through internal gas voids and then gets
condensed. The combination is vaporized before the boiling point, and mixture’s
stability is affected by diffusivity and also of inert gas. Numerous predistillation
combinations of alcohol and water, viz. binary isopropanol-water and isopropanolmethanol-water were tested in their study, and the experiments were performed with
variance of condensation, evaporation temperatures, inert gasses, and annular widths
of the wetted-wall column (Aditiya et al. 2016).
1.2.1.5 Salting out Method
Miscibility of water and ethanol is due to their current intermolecular forces, the
sturdiest of them is the hydrogen bonding. For instance, an electrolyte (in the above
case K 2 CO 3 ) is introduced to water, the electrolyte solubility makes water inaccessible to bond with ethanol to hydrogen. The ethanol solubility reduces due to the
nonexistence of hydrogen bonding interfaces with water. As a side benefit, organic
dye that was previously yellow due to the acidic solution is mixed with ethanol into
the organic process and changes color (Shakhashiri 1985).
12
A. Shrivastava et al.
chemical, or thermal membrane systems such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration
(UF), nanofiltration (NF), pervaporation (PV), and membrane distillation (MD) is
used in biorefining processes. The final phase of downstream purification and
bioethanol processing using microporous membrane distillation can be implemented
with ease (Pal et al. 2018). Utilizing microporous hydrophobic membranes including
polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polypropylene, membrane distillation for the final step of downstream purification and
bioethanol recovery can be successfully applied (Kumar et al. 2019; Lipnizki 2010).
Ohmic-Assisted Hydrodistillation
The term ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) relates to a section system for
ohmic heaters and condensers. While the latter uses energy volumetrically (based on
Joule’s law), this collects and settles the heating section vapor produced. The key
areas of the ohmic heater section are the source of energy, the electrodes, and a
non-electroconductive chamber (flask) (Gavahian et al. 2019) This basic design can
be combined with many other segments such as safety systems, variable transformers for controlling input power, frequency and variable transformers, data
acquisition systems, thermocouples, voltmeter, and other sensors (Aditiya et al.
2016).
1.2.1.4 Diffusion Distillation
Initially, diffusion method was introduced by Fullarton and Schlünder (1986) who
suggested diffusion separation technique through internal gas voids and then gets
condensed. The combination is vaporized before the boiling point, and mixture’s
stability is affected by diffusivity and also of inert gas. Numerous predistillation
combinations of alcohol and water, viz. binary isopropanol-water and isopropanolmethanol-water were tested in their study, and the experiments were performed with
variance of condensation, evaporation temperatures, inert gasses, and annular widths
of the wetted-wall column (Aditiya et al. 2016).
1.2.1.5 Salting out Method
Miscibility of water and ethanol is due to their current intermolecular forces, the
sturdiest of them is the hydrogen bonding. For instance, an electrolyte (in the above
case K 2 CO 3 ) is introduced to water, the electrolyte solubility makes water inaccessible to bond with ethanol to hydrogen. The ethanol solubility reduces due to the
nonexistence of hydrogen bonding interfaces with water. As a side benefit, organic
dye that was previously yellow due to the acidic solution is mixed with ethanol into
the organic process and changes color (Shakhashiri 1985).
12
A. Shrivastava et al.