three, Saccharina produced the more hydrogen gas. Secondly, the study pointed out
that the nutrients of the “process waters” from Saccharina could be useful for
cultivation of microalgae. Kumar et al. (2018) pretreated Ulva reticulata with the
surfactant and disperser. Azman et al. (2016) investigated hydrogen production from
deoiled rice bran feedstock. Bharathiraja et al. (2016) reviewed the feedstocks for
biohydrogen and biogas production. Hydrogen production under sulfur deprivation
is shown in Table 7.4.
7.6.2 pH, Temperature, and Pretreatment
All algae maintain a neutral intracellular pH, but some algae can survive at high or
low pH. At lower pH, 50% of the ATP has been observed to be consumed. Most
microalgal species grow well at a pH range between 6.0 and 8.76. C. vulgaris can
survive a range of pH, while other algae are sensitive (Lam and Lee 2012). Daliry
et al. (2017) reported maximum biomass production at pH 9–10 in C. vulgaris.
Juneja et al. (2013) ascertained that increasing the hydrogen ion concentration can
increase the salinity of the growth media and raise the destructive measures for algal
cells. Khanal et al. (2004) studied the effect of pH on hydrogen production process
and reported that any small change in pH can affect the production of acetate. In this
process, Song et al. (2011) observed that initially pH decreases and after 24–72 h pH
increases. They reported that microalgae grow at a pH range between 5.0 and 9.0.
Increasing the culture pH can increase the rate of hydrogen production (Khanal et al.
2004). At lower pH, it is produced by hydrogenase. This occurs through a pathway
Table 7.4 Hydrogen production under sulfur limitation
Name of the
organism
References
Chlorella
autotrophica
He et al. (2012)
Chlorella
protothecoides
He et al. (2012), Pongpadung et al. (2015), Pongpadung et al. (2018)
Chlorella Salina
Chader et al. (2009)
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
Melis et al. (2000), Zhang et al. (2002b), Laurinavichene et al. (2006),
Fedorov et al. (2005b), Tsygankov et al. (2006c), Kosourov et al. (2007),
Faraloni et al. (2011), Torzillo et al. (2009)
Chlorella
sorokiniana
Chader et al. (2009)
Nannochloropsis
He et al. (2012)
Platymonas
subcordiformis
Guan et al. (2004)
Tetraselmis striata
He et al. (2012)
Tetraspora
Maswanna et al. (2020)
7 Sustainable Production of Hydrogen by Algae: Current Status and Future. . .
197
that the nutrients of the “process waters” from Saccharina could be useful for
cultivation of microalgae. Kumar et al. (2018) pretreated Ulva reticulata with the
surfactant and disperser. Azman et al. (2016) investigated hydrogen production from
deoiled rice bran feedstock. Bharathiraja et al. (2016) reviewed the feedstocks for
biohydrogen and biogas production. Hydrogen production under sulfur deprivation
is shown in Table 7.4.
7.6.2 pH, Temperature, and Pretreatment
All algae maintain a neutral intracellular pH, but some algae can survive at high or
low pH. At lower pH, 50% of the ATP has been observed to be consumed. Most
microalgal species grow well at a pH range between 6.0 and 8.76. C. vulgaris can
survive a range of pH, while other algae are sensitive (Lam and Lee 2012). Daliry
et al. (2017) reported maximum biomass production at pH 9–10 in C. vulgaris.
Juneja et al. (2013) ascertained that increasing the hydrogen ion concentration can
increase the salinity of the growth media and raise the destructive measures for algal
cells. Khanal et al. (2004) studied the effect of pH on hydrogen production process
and reported that any small change in pH can affect the production of acetate. In this
process, Song et al. (2011) observed that initially pH decreases and after 24–72 h pH
increases. They reported that microalgae grow at a pH range between 5.0 and 9.0.
Increasing the culture pH can increase the rate of hydrogen production (Khanal et al.
2004). At lower pH, it is produced by hydrogenase. This occurs through a pathway
Table 7.4 Hydrogen production under sulfur limitation
Name of the
organism
References
Chlorella
autotrophica
He et al. (2012)
Chlorella
protothecoides
He et al. (2012), Pongpadung et al. (2015), Pongpadung et al. (2018)
Chlorella Salina
Chader et al. (2009)
Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii
Melis et al. (2000), Zhang et al. (2002b), Laurinavichene et al. (2006),
Fedorov et al. (2005b), Tsygankov et al. (2006c), Kosourov et al. (2007),
Faraloni et al. (2011), Torzillo et al. (2009)
Chlorella
sorokiniana
Chader et al. (2009)
Nannochloropsis
He et al. (2012)
Platymonas
subcordiformis
Guan et al. (2004)
Tetraselmis striata
He et al. (2012)
Tetraspora
Maswanna et al. (2020)
7 Sustainable Production of Hydrogen by Algae: Current Status and Future. . .
197